2 Cells

Front 1

Functions of life (6)

Back 1

1. metabolism
2. response
3. homeostasis
4. growth
5. reproduction
6. nutrition

Front 2

Characteristics of unicellular organisms

Back 2

1. only one cell
2. has to carry out all functions of life

e.g. Amoeba: 100 micrometer

Front 3

Characteristics of multicellular organisms

Back 3

consist of many specialised cells

Front 4

Cell Theory

Back 4

1. Living organisms are composed of cells
2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells

Front 5

Differentiation

Back 5

Cells in multicellular organims develop in different ways and carry out different functions. This is calles differentiation.

Front 6

3 Examples of specialised cells

Back 6

1. Heart muscle tissue
2. Sensory neuron
3. Beta cell in the pancreatic islets

Front 7

Stem cells

Back 7

defined as cells that have the capacity to self-renew by cell division and to differentiate

Front 8

Where do you find stem cells in the adult body?

Back 8

bone marrow, skin, liver

Front 9

Example: Treatment of disease with stem cells

Back 9

Parkinson's disease, multiple sklerosis and strokes all involve the loss of neurons or other cells in the nervous system. Although still only at the research stage, there is the potential to use stem cells to replace them

Front 10

Example: Therapeutic use of stem cells (p. 4)

Back 10

1. The placenta and umbilical cord is used as asource of stem cells. The collected cord blood contains many hematopoietic stem cells. These cells can divide and differentiate into any type of blood cell
2. Red blood cells are removed from the cord blood.
3. Cord blood can be used to treat children with leukemia. If suitable cord blood is available, the patient is given chemotherapy drugs that kill the bone marrow cells, including the cells causing the leukemia.
4. The selected cord blood is introduced into the patient's blood system, usually via a vein in the cheast or the arm. The hemapoietic cells establish themselves in the patient's bone marrow, where they divide repeatedly to build up a population of bone marrow cells to replace those killed by the chemotherapy drug.

Front 11

Units for size measurements

Back 11

1 mm = 1000 micrometer
1 Micrometer = 1000 nanometer

Front 12

Magnification

Back 12

(size of image)/(size of object)

Front 13

size of eukaryotic cells

Back 13

10-100 micrometer

Front 14

size of organelles

Back 14

2-10 micrometer

Front 15

size of bacteria

Back 15

1 micrometer

Front 16

size of Viruses

Back 16

100 nm

Front 17

Thickness of cell membranes

Back 17

10 nm

Front 18

Size of molecules

Back 18

1 nm

Front 19

Prokaryotic cells (PC)

Back 19

- no nucleus
- all bacteria
- divide by binary Vision

Front 20

Cell wall (PC)

Back 20

forms a protective outer layer that prevents damage from outside and also bursting if internal pressure is high

Front 21

Plasma Membrane (PC)

Back 21

Controls entry and exit of substances, pumping some of them in by active transport

Front 22

cytoplasm (PC)

Back 22

Contains enzyms that catalyse the chemical reactions of metabolism and contains DNA in a region called the nucleoid

Front 23

Pili (PC)

Back 23

Hair-like structure projecting from the cell wall, that ban be teatcheted in and out, when connected to another bacterial cell, they can be used to pull cells together

Front 24

Flagella (PC)

Back 24

Solid protein structures, with a corkscrew shape, projecting from the cell wall, which rotate and cause locomotion.

Front 25

Ribosomes (PC)

Back 25

Small granular structures that synthesize proteins by translation messenger RNA.

Front 26

Nucleoid (PC)

Back 26

Region of the cytoplasm that contains naked DNA, which is the genetic information of the cell

Front 27

Draw a Prokaryotic cell!

Back 27

Front 28

Draw a eukaryotic cell!

Back 28

Front 29

Type of genetic material in PC/EC

Back 29

PC: a naked loop of DNA
EC: chromosomes consisting of strands of DNA associated with Protein. Four or more chromosomes are present

Front 30

Location of genetic material in PC/EC

Back 30

PC: in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid
EC: in the nucleus inside a double nuclear membrane called the nuclear envelope

Front 31

Mitochondria in PC/EC

Back 31

PC: not present
EC: always present

Front 32

Ribosomes in PC/EC

Back 32

PC: small sized - 70s
EC: larger sized - 80s

Front 33

Internal membranes in PC/EC

Back 33

PC: few or none are present
EC: many internal membranes that compartmentalize the cytoplasm including ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

Front 34

Cell wall in animal and plant cells?

Back 34

AC: no cell wall, only a plasma Membrane
PC: cell wall and plasma membrane

Front 35

Chloroplasts in animal and plant cells?

Back 35

AC: not present
PC: present in cells that photosynthesize

Front 36

Polysaccharides in animal and plant cells?

Back 36

AC: glycogen
PC: starch

Front 37

Vacuoles in animal and plant cells?

Back 37

AC: not usually present
PC: large fluid-filled vacuole

Front 38

Shape of animal and plant cells

Back 38

AC: able to change shape. Usually rounded
PC: Fixed shape. Usually rather regular

Front 39

Draw a biological membrane!

Back 39

(including phospholipids, integral Proteins, peripheral Proteins, glycoprotein, cholesterol, channelproteins)

Front 40

Functions of membrane Proteins

Back 40

1. hormone binding site
2. enzymes
3. electron carrier
4. channels for passive transport
5. pumps for active transport

Front 41

Diffusion

Back 41

Diffusion is the passive transport of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Front 42

Osmosis

Back 42

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules froms a region of lower solute to a region of higher solute concentration, across a partially permeable Membrane.

Front 43

Endocytosis

Back 43

1. part of the plasma membrane is pulled inwards
2. a droplet of fluid becomes enclosed when a vesicle is pinched off
3. vesicles can then move through the cytoplasm carrying their contents

Front 44

Exocytosis

Back 44

1. Vesicles fuse with the Plasma membrane
2. the contents of the vesicle are expelled
3. the membrane then flattens out again

Front 45

Role of the plant's cell wall

Back 45

1. maintaining the cell's shape
2. prevent the cell from bursting
3. support
4. prevent high water uptake

Front 46

Role of glycoproteins

Back 46

1. supporting single layers of thin cells
2. cell to cell adhesion

Front 47

Draw the cell cycle!

Back 47

Front 48

phases of mitosis

Back 48

prophase, Metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 49

Early prophase

Back 49

1. Spinde microtubules are growing
2. supercoiling of chromosomes

Front 50

late prophase

Back 50

1. spindle microtubules extend from each pole to the equator

Front 51

Metaphase

Back 51

1. nuclear membrane has broken down and chromosomes have moved down to the equator
2. spindle microtubules are attached to each centromere on opposite sides

Front 52

anaphase

Back 52

1. the centromeres have divided and the chromatids have become chromosomes
2. spindle microtubules pull the genetically identical chromosomes to opposite poles

Front 53

early telophase

Back 53

1. all chromosomes have reached the poles and nuclear membranes form around them
2. spindle microtubules break down

Front 54

late telophase

Back 54

1. chromosomes uncoil and are no longer individually visible
2. the cell divodes (cytokinesis) to form two cells with genetically identical nuclei

Front 55

When is mitosis needed?

Back 55

1. during growth
2. during embryonic development
3. when tissue needs to be reparier
4. o reproduce asexually

Front 56

Formation of a tumour

Back 56

repeatedly uncontrolled divisions produce a mass of cells called tumour