2 Bacti: Immunological Techniques, Pathogenesis

Front 1

Bacterial agglutination for Ab

Back 1

Bacterial agglutination for Ab:
1. serum mixed with colored suspension of killed organisms:
- agglutination= Ab
- Brucella
2. specific antiserum mixed with culture to be ID:
- enterotoxigenic E coli

Front 2

latex agglutination

Back 2

latex agglutination:
- typing of Ag
- eg Streptococci, Staph

Front 3

fluorescent Ab or Ag tests

Back 3

fluorescent Ab or Ag tests:
1. Ab: brucellosis
2. Ag: black leg/ Clostridium

Front 4

ELISA

Back 4

ELISA test:
1. Ab: Lyme disease
2. toxins: Clostridium perfringens

Front 5

Serotyping of bacteria

Back 5

Serotyping of bacteria:
- E coli

Front 6

Delayed hypersensitivity

Back 6

Delayed hypersensitivity:
- tuberculosis
- glanders in horses: Mallein test, Pseudomonas

Front 7

Host susceptibility

Back 7

Host susceptibility:
1. spp: shipping fever in cattle due to Mannheimia hemolytica doesn't effect dogs
2. age: eg certain E coli strains have no intestinal receptors in older cattle
3. modifying factors: environment, tissue damage, intercurrent dz

Front 8

bacterial infectivity

Back 8

bacterial infectivity:
1. strain
2. genetic variation
- eg E coli strain which causes Hamburger disease belongs to specific serotypes which produce Shiga toxin, damages blood vessels

Front 9

virulence factors

Back 9

virulence factors:
1. pili: eg pathogenic E coli
2. non-fimbrial adhesins
3. capsule: escape phagocytosis, eg Pasteurella multocida
4. toxins: pathogenic E coli

Front 10

Pathogen

Back 10

pathogen:
organism that causes disease

Front 11

infection

Back 11

infection: establishment of pathogen in host

Front 12

obligate pathogen

Back 12

obligate pathogen:
- eg Bacillus athracsis

Front 13

primary pathogen

Back 13

primary pathogen:
- Chlamydophilia felis: conjunctivitis in cats

Front 14

secondary pathogen

Back 14

secondary pathogen:
- Staph complicating conjunctivitis

Front 15

opportunistic pathogen

Back 15

opportunistic pathogen:
- UTI by intestinal E coli

Front 16

endogenous pathogen

Back 16

endogenous pathogen:
- coming from within animals
- gingivitis in dogs from commensals

Front 17

exogenous pathogen

Back 17

exogenous pathogen:
- coming from outside the animal
- Bacillus anthracis from soil
- Strangles

Front 18

Contagious

Back 18

contagious:
1. Strangles: Strep equi
2. Pneumonic plague: Yersinia pestis in cats contagious to other cats and humans

Front 19

virulence

Back 19

virulence:
- degree of pathogenicity
- bacteria may lose or gain

Front 20

attenuation

Back 20

attenuation:
- process of diminishing virulence
- eg vaccine strains

Front 21

infection

Back 21

infection: establishment of pathogen in host

Front 22

obligate pathogen

Back 22

obligate pathogen:
- eg Bacillus athracsis

Front 23

primary pathogen

Back 23

primary pathogen:
- Chlamydophilia felis: conjunctivitis in cats

Front 24

secondary pathogen

Back 24

secondary pathogen:
- Staph complicating conjunctivitis

Front 25

opportunistic pathogen

Back 25

opportunistic pathogen:
- UTI by intestinal E coli

Front 26

endogenous pathogen

Back 26

endogenous pathogen:
- coming from within animals
- gingivitis in dogs from commensals

Front 27

exogenous pathogen

Back 27

exogenous pathogen:
- coming from outside the animal
- Bacillus anthracis from soil
- Strangles

Front 28

Contagious

Back 28

contagious:
1. Strangles: Strep equi
2. Pneumonic plague: Yersinia pestis in cats contagious to other cats and humans

Front 29

virulence

Back 29

virulence:
- degree of pathogenicity
- bacteria may lose or gain

Front 30

attenuation

Back 30

attenuation:
- process of diminishing virulence
- eg vaccine strains

Front 31

bacterial entry

Back 31

bacterial entry:
1. inhalation: Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs, cats
2. ingestion: Salmonella from feed to cattle
3. Skin abrasion, mucosa: Lepto from contaminated water
4. Urogenital: Brucellosis in cats
5. Placenta to fetus: Brucella
6. umbillicus: E coli septicemia in neonatal calves, foals

Front 32

horizontal transmission

Back 32

horizontal transmission:
- spread by contact, food, water

Front 33

vertical transmission

Back 33

vertical transmission:
- from mother to offspring during pregnancy
- eg Brucella

Front 34

Specificity

Back 34

specificity:
1. species: may change
- eg Streptococcus equi
2. organ: preference of Brucella abortus/ canis for genital organs

Front 35

interaction with host

Back 35

interaction with host:
1. attachment, colonization: pili help
2. immune escape: capsule, toxins
3. invasion of host cell: intracellular bacteria eg Mycobacterium, Salmonella
4. Antigenic variation: Mycoplasma
5. Apoptosis: Salmonella, Listeria
6. toxins

Front 36

acquisition of virulence factors

Back 36

acquisition of virulence factors:
1. mutation
2. transformation
3. transduction
4. conjugation

Front 37

conjugation

Back 37

conjugation:
- characters acquired: enterotoxin, antimicrobial drug resistance
- very common: Enterobacteria

Front 38

transduction

Back 38

transduction:
- bacteriophage enters and codes for the virulence factors
- eg botulism toxin

Front 39

plasmid

Back 39

plasmid:
- coding for antimicrobial resistance factor (R-factor) and virulence factors (eg enterotoxin)
- transferred by conjugation

Front 40

exotoxins

Back 40

exotoxins:
- secreted by bacteria
- produced by a variety of + and -
1. tetanus neurotoxin: spastic paralysis
2. cholera toxin
3. E coli enterotoxin: diarrhea
4. botulism neurotoxin: flaccid paralysis

Front 41

endotoxins

Back 41

endotoxins:
- part of the cell wall: LPS or G-
- endotoxemia
- eg neonates without colostrum
- Ab in these cases will make dz more rapidly fatal due to toxin release after cell wall destroyed