2 Bacti: Clostridium

Front 1

Clostridium

Back 1

Clostridium:
- G+
- large, spore-forming rods
- older cells: G-
- anaerobic
- habitat: soil, GI
- dz: toxins, enzymes

Front 2

Clostridium toxins

Back 2

Clostridium:
1. neurotoxic, non-invasive:
- tetani, botulinum
2. histotoxic:
- chayvoei, septicum, novyi
3. enterotoxemic:
- perfringens

Front 3

Clostridium tetani

Back 3

Clostridium tetani:
- terminal spores: drumstick
- tetanus (lockjaw): humans, animals
- habitat: soil

Front 4

Clostridium tetani pathogenesis

Back 4

Clostridium tetani pathogenesis:
1. wound entry
2. incubation: days-weeks
3. spore germination
4. mutiplication in necrotic tissue
5. tetanolysin: hemolysin, further necrosis

Front 5

Clostridium tetani: neurotoxicity

Back 5

Clostridium tetani:
1. neurotoxin: tetanospasmin
2. CNS
3. spastic paralysis: prevents muscle relaxation by inhibiting glycine, GABA
4. respiratory impairment, death

Front 6

tetanus dx

Back 6

tetanus dx:
1. symptoms: lockjaw, stiff ears, limb, back, tail, 3rd eyelid paralysis, drooling
2. history, wound smear
3. culture if smear -

Front 7

tetanus prevention, tx

Back 7

tetanus prevention, tx:
- vacc: tetanus toxoid
- tx: anti-toxin, Pen
- protect animal from light, noise

Front 8

Clostridium botulinum gen

Back 8

Clostridium botulinum:
- toxigenic types A-G: encoded by bacteriophages
- most potent bio poison
- source: feed, abattoir offal, dead fish, maggots
- honey with spores: infant botulism

Front 9

Clostridium botulinum pathogenesis

Back 9

Clostridium botulinum pathogenesis:
1. toxin in intestine
2. blood
3. binding to peripheral nn (neuromuscular jxn)
4. interferors release ACh
5. flaccid paralysis: inability to contract
6. respiratory paralysis

Front 10

Clostridium botulinum signs

Back 10

Clostriudium botulinum signs:
1. respiratory paralysis, abdominal breathing
2. straddled posture
3. profuse salivation
4. paralyzed tongue
5. birds: limberneck, wing, leg, eyelid paralysis
6. shaker foal syndrome
7. cattle: profuse salivation

Front 11

Clostridium botulinum dx

Back 11

Clostridium botulinum dx:
- clin signs
- examine food
- crop contents: maggots
- serum ELISA or mice inoculation

Front 12

Botulism tx, control

Back 12

Botulism tx, control:
- vacc: cattle (limited use), mink, pheasants
- anti-toxin
- oral fluids, activated charcoal
- prevent exposure to potential sources
- remove birds from water

Front 13

Histotoxic clostridia

Back 13

Histotoxic clostridia:
1. chauvoei
2. septicum
3. novyi
4. hemolyticum
5. perfringens
- wound/ traumatized tissue --> local lesions: cellulitis, gas gangrene --> systemic toxemia

Front 14

Clostridium chauvoei gen

Back 14

Clostridium chauvoei:
- histotoxic
- Black leg: R, esp young cattle
- acute, sudden onset
- lesions usually in HL m mass
- w/o abrasion, broken skin

Front 15

Clostridium chauvoei pathogenesis

Back 15

Clostridium chauvoei pathogenesis:
- Black leg
1. spores in damaged mm germinate, multiply
2. toxin: hemolytic, necrotizing, DNAase
3. necrotizing myostitis, emphesematous gangrene
4. dark,crepitant mm: lysis of RBCs, gas, rancid odor from butyric acid
5. systemic toxemia, death

Front 16

Clostridium chauvoei dx, control

Back 16

Clostridium chauvoei dx, control:
- signs: fever, lameness, crepitus
- mm smear: G stain, FAT
- vacc: endemic cattle
- sick: Pen, mostly fatal

Front 17

Clostridium septicum

Back 17

Clostridium septicum:
- common pm invader
- inf dirty, deep wounds: malignant edema, gas gangrene
- predisp: trauma, sx, parturition
- acute abomastitis (braxy): sheep, after eating frozen grass
- in most Clostridial vaccs

Front 18

C. novyi

Back 18

C. novyi:
- predisp: liver fluke inf
1. big head: rams following fighting
2. black dz: sheep, generalized blood stained SQ edema
3. bacillary hemoglobinuria: type D
- most clostridial vacc

Front 19

C. perfringens common dz

Back 19

C perfringens common dz:
1. necrotic enteritis: piglets, chickens
2. classical enterotoxemia: sheep, fatal wound inf
3. diarrhea/ hemorrhagic enteritis: dogs

Front 20

C. perfringens less common dz

Back 20

C perfringens less common dz:
1. yellow lamb dz
2. gangrenous mastitis: cows
3. struck: sheep, sudden death, internal fluid
4. hemorrhagic diarrhea: foals
5. injection myositis, wound inf: horses, hospitalization

Front 21

C. perfringens hemorrhagic enteritis

Back 21

C. perfringens hemorrhagic enteritis:
- dogs
- predisp: hospital/ shelter, spoiled meat
- soft, watery feces w/ blood, mucous
- fecal smear: clostridia, spores
- ELISA or latex agglut: enterotoxin
- tx: Tylosin, Metronidazole, high fiber diet

Front 22

C perfringens dx

Back 22

C perfringens dx:
- wound smear, culture
- BA: double zone hemolysis
1. enterotoxemia: sheep, toxin tests of ligated intestine
2. necrotic enteritis: G stain of mucosal scraping
3. enteritis, diarrhea: dogs, horses, fecal smear and toxin test

Front 23

C perfringerns tx

Back 23

C perfringens tx:
1. vacc: sheep, pigs
2. necrotic enteritis: Pen, bacitracin, treat parasites
3. dogs: Tylosin, Metronidazole
4. myositis in horses: Pen, Metronidazole

Front 24

Clostridium difficile

Back 24

Clostridium difficile:
1. foals: diarrhea, necrotic enterocolitis, tx Tylosin
2. piglets: diarrhea, mesocolonic edema
3. humans: pseudomembranous colitis
4. dogs: Metronidazole
- toxin detection kits

Front 25

C piliforme

Back 25

C piliforme:
- Tyzzer's dz
- diarrhea, enteritis, liver lesion
- pups, foals, calves, rodents, rabbits
- tx: oxytetracycline

Front 26

C spiroforme

Back 26

C spiroforme:
- diarrhea, enterotoxemia
- lab rodents, rabbits
- feces: semicircular G+
- tx: Metronidazole, Pen

Front 27

C colinum

Back 27

C colinum:
- ulcerative colitis in birds esp quail
- tx: tetracycline