2. Ans 2

Front 1

What is the main CNS controller of the ANS?

Back 1

Hypothalamus

Front 2

What gives input to the hypothalamus? (3 things)

Back 2

-Prefrontal cortex
-Olfactory cortex
-Hippocampus

Front 3

What is the primary olfactory cortex?

Back 3

Pyriform cortex

Front 4

What part of the hypothalamus gives parasympathetic outflow?

Back 4

The rostral part
(anterior hypothalamic nucleus)

Front 5

What part of the hypothalamus gives sympathetic outflow?

Back 5

Caudal (PVN)

Front 6

What does both the caudal and rostral hypothalamus also send output to?

Back 6

Medulla reticular formation

Front 7

What tract takes sympathetic outflow from the hypothalamus and reticular formation to the intermediolateral cell column in the spinal cord?

Back 7

Reticulospinal tract
(hypothalamoreticulospinal tract)

Front 8

What important regulating centers are located in the medulla which are controlled by the reticular formation?

Back 8

-Respiratory
-Cardiovascular
-Alimentary (GI)

Front 9

How does visceral outflow from the brainstem get to PNS targets?

Back 9

Via DMNX

Front 10

What nerves take visceral afferent info from Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors into the brainstem?

Back 10

CN 9 and 10 (via NTS)

Front 11

How does ANS control differ from skeletal somatic control?

Back 11

It is not conscious, so doesn't recieve input from cortex as much.

Front 12

What are the primary circuits for autonomic control?

Back 12

Reflex arcs

Front 13

What are the 2 components to a reflex arc?

Back 13

-Afferent
-Efferent

Front 14

Are the autonomic reflex arcs restricted to autonomic efferent or afferent limbs?

Back 14

No - they can also be somatic

Front 15

Where does control of simple reflexes take place?

Back 15

Entirely within the organ concerned

Front 16

Where does control of more complex autonomic reflexes take place?

Back 16

In a circuit that involves the hypothalamus and higher autonomic centers.

Front 17

So 3 things in an Autonomic reflex pathway:

Back 17

-Sensory afferent
-CNS interneuron
-Visceral efferent

Front 18

What would be an example of a
-Visceral afferent
-Somatic afferent

Back 18

Visc: Vagal afferents
Somatic: nociception

Front 19

Where does the afferent information get processed in autonomic reflex arcs?

Back 19

In spinal cord neurons

Front 20

What do the spinal interneurons do after processing afferent input?

Back 20

Stimulate Preganglionic SNS or PNS neurons

Front 21

What are the 2 options that efferent output of a reflex arc can be conveyed?

Back 21

-Splanchnic
-Somatic

Front 22

Where are arterial baroreceptors located?

Back 22

-Carotid sinus
-Aortic arch

Front 23

Where are Cardiopulmonary baroreceptors found?

Back 23

-SVC/IVC
-Atria/Ventricles
-Coronary arteries
-Pulmonary vessels

Front 24

What type of classic feedback is represented by the Baroreflex?

Back 24

Negative feedback

Front 25

What does a drop in blood pressure sensed by the carotid baroreceptors result in?

Back 25

Decreased firing rate in the nerve -> decreased PNS outflow to the heart -> increased SNS vasotone -> Increased MAP/TPR

Front 26

What is the Exercise Pressor Reflex?

Back 26

An increase in SNS activity and decrease in PNS activity in response to skeletal muscle exercise.

Front 27

How does the exercise pressor reflex affect respiration?

Back 27

It increases motorneuronal discharge to the respiratory muscles.

Front 28

What are the 4 main physiological changes due to the exercise pressor reflex?

Back 28

1. Cardioacceleration
2. Vasoconstriction
3. Airway dilation
4. Increased cardiac contractility

Front 29

What is the purpose of the exercise pressor reflex?

Back 29

To deliver oxygenated blood to metabolically active tissues and remove H/CO2 from them

Front 30

What is the purpose of vasoconstricting?

Back 30

To increase perfusion pressure so blood still gets to the muscles during long-duration muscle contractions (benching)

Front 31

What are the 4 autonomic ganglia in the head? (cervical)

Back 31

1. Ciliary
2. Pterygopalatine
3. Submandibular
4. Otic

Front 32

Where do the preganglionic parasympathetics that enter the ciliary ganglion originate?

Back 32

Edinger Westphal nucleus in the brainstem

Front 33

Where do the sympathetics that enter the ciliary ganglion originate?

Back 33

From postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
(via internal carotid plexus)

Front 34

What sensory root passes through the Ciliary ganglion?

Back 34

Nasociliary nerves from the V1 Ophthalmic nerve

Front 35

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic output get from the Ciliary ganglion to targets?

Back 35

By the short ciliary nerves

Front 36

What are the targets of the Ciliary ganglion?

Back 36

-Pupillary muscles (pupil)
-Ciliary muscles (lens)

Front 37

Where do the preganglionic parasympathetics that enter the pterygopalatine ganglion originate?

Back 37

Superior salivatory nucleus

Front 38

Where do the sympathetics that enter the pterygopalatine ganglion originate?

Back 38

Superior cervical ganglion (via internal carotid plexus)

Front 39

What sensory root passes through the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Back 39

V2 Maxillary nerves

Front 40

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic output get from the pterygopalatine ganglion to targets?

Back 40

Via various rami

Front 41

What are the targets of the Pterygopalatine ganglion?

Back 41

-Lacrimal gland
-Mucous membranes

Front 42

Where do the preganglionic parasympathetics that enter the Submandibular ganglion originate? How do they get to the ganglion?

Back 42

Superior salivatory nucleus of the facial nerve - get to ganglion via CN9, Chorda tympani, and Lingual nerve

Front 43

Where do the sympathetics that enter the Submandibular ganglion originate?

Back 43

Plexus of the external maxillary artery (superior cervical postganglionics)

Front 44

What sensory root passes through the Submandibular ganglion?

Back 44

Sensory root from the Geniculate ganglion (tongue information)

Front 45

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic output get from the Submandibular ganglion to targets? what are the targets?

Back 45

via short postganglionics to the submandibular and sublingual glands

Front 46

Where does the Otic ganglion get its PNS input from?

Back 46

Inferior salivatory nucleus

Front 47

Where does the Otic ganglion get its SNS input from?

Back 47

Superior cervical ganglion

Front 48

What sensory roots pass through the otic ganglion?

Back 48

CN 9 and 10

Front 49

What is the target of the Otic ganglion?

Back 49

Parotid gland

Front 50

What division of the autonomic nervous system mainly controls the IMMUNE System?

Back 50

Sympathetic

Front 51

What do sympathetic fibers do in the BONE MARROW?

Back 51

Modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and mobilization

Front 52

What do sympathetic fibers do in SPLEEN AND LYMPH NODES?

Back 52

-modulate innate reactions
-Modulate magnitude and timing of acquired responses

Front 53

At what spinal cord levels do the sympathetics in the ciliary ganglion that innervate the dilator pupillae muscles originate?

Back 53

T1/T2

Front 54

What should happen when you shine a light in one eye?

Back 54

The retina sends afferents through the pretectum to Edinger westphal nuclei on BOTH SIDES of the head via POSTERIOR COMMISSURE

Front 55

What is this pathway called?

Back 55

The pupillary light reflex

Front 56

Are there autonomics in the limbs?

Back 56

YES

Front 57

What type of autonomic innervation is in the limbs?

Back 57

Sympathetic

Front 58

How are the sympathetic postganglionic efferents distributed to the limbs?

Back 58

Via somatic spinal efferents.

Front 59

What are the sympathetic targets in the limbs?

Back 59

-Vascular smooth muscle
-Sweat glands
-Piloerector muscles

Front 60

What % of skeletal nerve muscle fibers are sympathetics?

Back 60

8%!! interesting!

Front 61

Is there a correlate in the ANS target interface to the neuromuscular junction of somatic nerves?

Back 61

No

Front 62

What is on the end of presynaptic ANS fibers where they terminate on target organs?

Back 62

Varicosities

Front 63

What is autonomic motor / target synaptic transmission like?

Back 63

Turning on a sprinkler system

Front 64

What are the 2 most important transmitters in the ANS?

Back 64

-Acetylcholine
-Norepinephrine

Front 65

What is the nature of sympathetic system activation?

Back 65

GENERAL

Front 66

What is the nature of Parasympathetic system activation?

Back 66

SPECIFIC

Front 67

What do all SNS and PNS preganglionics use as their NT? What type of receptor does it act on?

Back 67

ACh
-on nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

Front 68

What do PNS postganglionics use as their NT? What does it act on?

Back 68

-ACh
-on muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Front 69

What do SNS postganglionics use as their NT? What does it act on?

Back 69

-NE
-on adrenergic receptors, alpha or beta depending on the organ.

Front 70

What do SNS postganglionics that innervate the sweat glands use?

Back 70

ACETYLCHOLINE

Front 71

Where do splanchnic nerves that pass thru the sympathetic chain without synapsing go?

Back 71

To either enteric ganglia or the adrenal medulla.

Front 72

What happens when preganglionic sympathetics innervate the adrenal medulla?

Back 72

Postganglionic sympathetic chromaffin cells release NE/Epi directly into the blood.

Front 73

How is Norepinephrine deactivated at a synapse?

Back 73

By reuptake

Front 74

How does NE deactivation compare to that of ACh? What is the effect?

Back 74

Slower than enzymatic hydrolyxis of ACh, so SNS stimulation is more diffuse than PNS.

Front 75

What stimulates the general broad sympathetic response exogenously?

Back 75

Injections of NE, Epi, and Methoxamine

Front 76

What drug stimulates specific adrenergic response at ALPHA receptors?

Back 76

Phenylephrine

Front 77

What drug stimulates specific adrenergic response at BETA receptors?

Back 77

Isoproterenol

Front 78

What drug stimulates specific adrenergic response at BETA2 receptors?

Back 78

Albuterol

Front 79

How do Ephedrine and Amphetamines work?

Back 79

By stimulating release of NE from storage vesicles at sympathetic nerve endings

Front 80

What is Phentolamine?

Back 80

alpha receptor blocker

Front 81

What is Propanolol?

Back 81

beta receptor blocker

Front 82

What is Isoproterenol?

Back 82

Beta receptor AGONIST

Front 83

What terminates ACh action at parasympathetic synapses?

Back 83

Acetylcholinesterase

Front 84

What are organophosphorous compounds?

Back 84

Nerve gas and pesticides - ACHesterase inhibitors

Front 85

What do interneurons within the autonomic ganglia use as their neurotransmitter?

Back 85

Dopamine

Front 86

What is congenital absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus called?

Back 86

Hirschsprung's disease - Megacolon

Front 87

What causes Megacolon?

Back 87

Failure of neural crest to migrate to the colon during development

Front 88

What is Familial dysautonomia?

Back 88

A genetic disease in Ashkenazi jews where there are no neurons in Autonomic and Sensory ganglia

Front 89

What are symptoms of Familial Dysautonomia?

Back 89

-Abnormal sweating
-Unstable BP
-Poor muscle tone in GI tract
-Sensory loss (no taste buds)

Front 90

What is Raynaud's disease?

Back 90

A painful disease of the terminal arteries in the limbs

Front 91

What are the 3 main symptoms of Horner's Syndrome?

Back 91

-Ipsilateral ptosis (droop lid)
-Ipsilateral uneven pupils
-Half of face has no sweat

Front 92

What is Autonomic Dysreflexia associated with?

Back 92

Complete or incomplete spinal cord injury