Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Type ___ DM accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes.
|
TYPE II
|
|
|
Type I DM leads to autoimmune ___________ before islet destruction.
|
INSULITIS
|
|
|
Type ___ DM is a relative loss of insulin whereas Type ___ DM is an absolute loss of insulin.
|
Relative loss = DM II
Absolute loss = DM I |
|
|
Amyloid deposition is (extra/intra)cellular and (basophilic/eosinophilic).
It is not a single protein, and in the case of DM, it's ________. |
Amyloid deposition is extracellular and eosinophilic.
In DM, it consists of amylin (amyloid is not a single protein) |
|
|
Congo Red polarization is used to differentiate between ____________ and ___________.
|
apple green biofringence allows differentiation between amyloid deposits and fibrin deposits
|
|
|
Hyperglycemia in DM allows for the non-enzymatic ______ of proteins such as :
Extracellular __________ |
Hyperglycemia allows for non-enzymatic GLYCATION of proteins
Extracell: collagen, LDL In addn to intracell and plasma proteins |
|
|
What is the main difference between microvascular and macrovascular disease?
What process occurs in both? |
Microvascular disease is a disease process in small blood vessels
Macrovascular disease is a disease process in large blood vessels Can get atherosclerosis and subsequent thrombosis in both small and large vessels |
|
|
Increased vascular formation in DM is due to _______.
|
activated PKC and DAG pathway--leads to vasculogenic factors (microscopic level)
|
|
|
Direct hyperglycemia can kill nerves through the ______ pathway by _______.
|
Polyol (sorbitol) pathway by starving cells of NADPH and ability to remetabolize glutathione (gluathione prevents damage by ROS)
|
|
|
Dry gangrene vs Wet gangrene
|
Dry gangrene is when there is no infection; thrombosis cuts off blood supply to region of body, and that region becomes necrotic
Wet gangrene is an infectious process that the immune system cannot overcome |
|
|
Why do amyloid deposits exhibit a fibrous structure?
|
Amyloid process can deposit fibrin
Also because of beta-pleated sheets |
|
|
In DM _____ there's no reduction in beta-cell mass like there is in DM ____.
|
DM II: no reduction in beta-cell mass
DM 1: reduction in beta-cell mass |
|
|
Glomerulosclerosis is _______ and can result in _____________.
|
Capillary basement membrane thickening
Results in nephrotic syndrome (loss of proteins) (due to AGE RAGE and cross-linking) Hypertension |
|
|
PAS staining helps highlight _________.
|
Basement membrane of glomerulus
|
|
|
Renal Hyalinosis:
DM vs HTN Renal hyalinosis can result in ____________ which leads to damage of _________. |
DM: affects afferent and efferent arterioles
HTN: affects afferent arterioles Renal hyalinosis leads to ischemia which leads to damage to tubules and INCREASED FIBROSIS. |
|
|
Characteristic of diabetic glomerulopathy is _____________.
|
Nodular glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
Fibrin Cap vs Capsular Drop
|
Fibrin Cap = hyalinosis of basement membrane, WITHIN wall of capillary
Capsular Drop = hyalinosis of Bowman's capsule, OUTSIDE wall of capillary |
|
|
As a result of renal ischemia, DM patients are susceptible to developing _____________ and __________.
What other condition can contribute to such infections? |
Renal ischemia-->pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis
Autonomic neuropathy (inadequate emptying of bladder or urine backflow up ureters) can facilitate these infections |
|
|
Non-Proliferative Retinal Changes vs Proliferative Retinal Changes
In which of these changes would you expect to see exudates and cotton wool spots? |
Non-Proliferative: WITHIN retina (vascular proliferation can no longer be structurally supported by pericapillary cells, and results in HEMORRHAGE and MICROANEURYSMS).
Will see exudates, cotton wool spots in NONPROLIFERATIVE change. Proliferative vascular changes: Above retina proper, support for vitreous membrane is weak and vitreous can detach from retina-->vitreous hemorrhage, blindness |
|
|
How does close angle glaucoma occur in DM?
|
As result of thickening basement membrane and neovascularization, there will be thickening of CILIARY BODY, becomes adherent to lens and canal of Schlemm.
Obstructs canal of schlemm, can no longer maintain pressure and leads to closed angle glaucoma. Blindness! (affects macula too) |
|
|
The polyol pathway in nerves leads to __________ and loss of ____________.
|
Polyol PW-->oxidative stress
-->Loss of myelinated fibers |
|
|
In obesity, there is an increase in _____ which can lead to liver damage.
In this process, the hepatic central vein tends to exhibit _______ as do surrounding hepatocytes. |
Inc'd LDL-->liver damage
Hepatic central vein will exhibit fibrosis, as will surrounding cells Central vein tends to have fibrosis as do surrounding hepatocytes (Steatosis and Steatohepatitis!) |
