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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are extremophiles?
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Archaea found in extreme enviornments.
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How many extremophile groups are there, and what are there names?
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Three, thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens.
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What clade do thermophiles belong to?
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Crenarchaeota
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What are some characteristics of thermophiles?
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They thrive very hot environments. And cells can resist DNA/protein denaturation that normally occurs at high temps.
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What are some characteristics of halophiles?
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They like high saline environments (some require it, others tolerate it), some forms have a visual pigment called rhodospin or bacteriorhodospin (which is red-brown scum).
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What clade do halophiles belong to?
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Clade Euryarchaeota
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How do methanogens produce energy?
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Use CO2 to oxidize H2 and produce energy, and release methane (CH4) as waste.
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What clade do methanogens belong to?
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Euryarchaeota.
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What types of anaerobes are there?
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Obligerate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
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An obligate anaerobe is what?
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An organism that NEEDS an oxygen free environment to surive. The strictest of anaerobes.
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Where do obligate anaerobes reside?
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Moderate environments, such as swamps and marshes(marsh gas), others in the guts of cattle, termites, and other herbivores.
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TF, methanogens are anaerobes?
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False, they STRICT anaerobes.
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Arachaea are divided into what?
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Clades
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What for clades of archaea are there?
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Euryarchaeota, Crenarachaeota, Korarachaeota, and Nanoarchaeta.
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What is the two most recent discovered clade of archaea?
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Korarchaeota, it was discovered in 1996. And Nanoarchaeota, discovered in 2002
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What does Koron mean and relates to Korarachaeota?
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Young man
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Where was Korachaeota found?
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Hot springs in yellowstone
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Where was Nanoarchaeota found?
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Hydrothermal vents off the coast of Iceland
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Which is the smallest of the four clades of Archae?
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Nanoarchaeota
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How many base pairs does the genome of Nanoarchaeota have?
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500,000
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Bacteria or eubacteria domain is comprised of what 5 major bacterial groups?
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Proteobacteria, gram-positive, cyanobacteria, chlamydias, and spirochetes.
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Proteobacteria has what major subgroups?
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Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon
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What are some characteristics of alpha proteobacteria?
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closely associated with eukaryotic hosts
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What are some characteristics of beta proteobacteria?
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nutritionally diverse
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What are some characteristics of gamma proteobacteria?
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photosynthetic members
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What are some characteristics of delta proteobacteria?
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include slime secreting bacteria
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What are some characteristics of epsilon proteobacteria?
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pathogenic to humans
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What are some characteristics of gram-positive bacteria?
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Very diverse, solitary & colonial, and free living.
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What are two examples of gram-positive bacteria?
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Bacillus and streptococcus
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Bacteria can respond to changes in environment by controlling their metabolism at what two levels?
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Adjust the activity of enzymes already present or adjust the amount of enzymes that they make.
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The basic model that bacteria use to change their metabolism depending on environment is the?
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Operon model
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Fastest way to change metabolism in bacteria is?
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Regulate enzyme activity.
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Regulation of enzyme activity uses what kind of mechanism?
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Feedback inhibition
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Feedback inhibition is when?
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On of the first enzymes is sensitive to the resulting product, reducing or shutting down all activity.
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TF, bacteria can respond to changes in environment by controlling their metabolism by regulating gene expression inside, and using feedback inhibition to reduce enzyme activity?
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True
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Metabolic cooperation refers to what?
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When prokaryotes can undergo both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation.
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TF, a prokaryote cell can use both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation?
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False, the cell must choose one or the other.
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When a prokaryote undergoes nitrogen fixation, it is called?
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Heterocyte
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Even though metabolic cooperation allows for both systems to occur, most prokaryotes opt for?
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Photosynthesis
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Heterocysts are surround by what?
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Extra thick wall to prevent O2 diffusion.
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Why cant prokaryotes use both metabolic pathways?
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Because the O2 produced upon PS inactivates enzymes of the nitrogen fixation path.
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________ forms a filamentous colony in which some cells use photosynthesis and other use nitrogen fixation.
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Anabaena
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In nitrogen fixation the nitrogen made is transported to the surrounding _________ cells by intercellular connections.
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photosynthetic
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When prokaryotes use nitrogen for metabolic pathways, it is called?
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Nitrogen metabolism.
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Nitrogen is essential for the production of what in all organisms?
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Amino acids and nucleic acids
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What type of cell is better at deriving nitrogen from the environment?
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Prokaryote
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How do prokaryotes derive Nitrogen from the environment?
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Nitrogen fixation
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What is nitrogen fixation?
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Nitrogen fixation is when a prokaryote converts Atmospheric N2 to ammonia.
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What are some examples of bacteria that can use nitrogen fixation?
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Cyanobacteria – blue green algae
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Prokaryotes metabolism can be described what three ways?
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Obligate anaerobes, obligate aerobes, and facultative anaerobes.
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What are obligate aerobes?
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Require O2 for cellular respiration & growth
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What are obligate anaerobes?
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cannot use O2 and are killed by the presence of O2
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What are facultative anaerobes ?
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Use O2 but only if its present for cellular respiration & growth
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Since obligate anaerobes cannot use O2 and are killed by O2, how do they live?
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Some exclusively by fermenting their carbon sources. Others can extract energy by using something else other than O2, such as nitrate ions, or sulfate ions.
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When obligate anaerobes use N ions or S ions, for respiration, what is it called?
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Anaerobic respiration
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Facultative anaerobes can carry out what kinds of respiration?
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Fermentation and anaerobic
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Four metabolic adaptations that occurr to autotrophs are?
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Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrops.
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What are photoautotrophs?
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Photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic carbon sources (e.g.CO2)
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What are chemoautotrophs?
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They are similar to photautotrophs in that they require CO2, but they use electron donors as an energy source – such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or iron.
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What are photoheterotrophs?
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Use light for energy but must obtain their carbon from outside organic sources.
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What are chemoheterotrophs?
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Must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
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What kind of autotrophs are parasitic bacteria?
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chemoheterotrophs.
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Green sulfur bacteria are what kind of autotrophs?
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photoautotrophs, all green plants are this.
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Rapid reproduction allows for natural selection to occur how?
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Fast and quickly
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Prokaryotes have two food metabolisms, which ones?
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Autotrophs, and heterotrophs.
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Autotrophs are?
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Self nourishing prokaryotes.
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What are some characteristics of autotrophs?
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They make their own food, produce complex organic compounds from inorganic carbon sources, and they use the energy from either light(photo) or from electron donors in chemical reactions (chemo)
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Autotrophs are _____________ in the food chain and heterotrophs are __________________________ in the food chain.
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Produces, consumers.
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Heterotrophs must do what to obtain energy?
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Eat organic good. Bc it cannot “fix carbon”
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If the F gene is part of the chromosome, it is called what?
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Hfr cell (high frequency of recombination)
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What cell makes the mating bridge, Hfr or the regular cell?
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The Hfr cell.
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In chromosomal conjugation, the F factor is ______ from the the Hfr cell.
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Broken off
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In chromosomal conjugation, when the F factor is broken off, it carries ____ and ______ alleles.
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A+, B+
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The resultant cell remains/changes from F-?
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Remains
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In Chromosomal conjugation, the resultant new bacteria is called?
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Recombinant bacteria
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In bacteria, once you have sex, the woman becomes a _____?
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Man
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A man bacteria is designated?
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F+
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A woman bacteria is designated?
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F-
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Who creates the mating bridge?
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Man, F+
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During conjugation, what structure is used to transfer genetic info?
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Mating bridge or sex pilus.
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What is another name for mating bridge?
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Sex pilus
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What is special about the "males" prokaryotes in regards to their genetic info?
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They have a F factor gene, or Fertility gene, which allows them to build sex bridges.
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Where can the fertility factor be found?
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Either part of the chromosome or found on a plasmid (F plasmid)
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What two ways can bacteria conjugate?
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Using chromosomal F factors or using plasmid F factors.
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Transduction is known as the process of what?
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Where bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from on host cell to another.
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What is a bacteriophage?
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Virus that infects a bacterium.
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When a bacteriophage infects a host cell it often introduces new _____.
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DNA
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Antibiotic resistance can be attained using what process?
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Transduction
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Generalized transduction occurs when?
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Randomly
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Specialized transduction occurs when?
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Phage picks up only a few bacterial genes.
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What is transformation?
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The alteration of a bacterial cell’s genotype and phenotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment
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Transformation can be artificially induced TF?
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True, in the lab
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Three ways to get genetic recombination in prokaryotes include?
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Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
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Prokaryotes can transfer information to each other?
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Yes such as making a prokaryote only grow in a specific environment.
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Prokaryotic reproduction occurs as a mechanism known as?
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Binary fission
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Binary fission is asexual or sexual reproduction?
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Asexual
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Prokaryotic reproduction precedes/supercedes replication?
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Precedes
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Binary fission involves the usual normal cell dividing, TF?
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True, it elongates, starts pinching in the center until it seperates.
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Budding means what?
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It’s a process that helps some prokaryotes replicate by outgrowing from the parent cell.
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TF, in budding the genome is slightly different than the parents cell?
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False, its exactly the same.
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Prokaryotic replication serves as the model for eukaryotic mechanisms TF?
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True
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For prokaryotic DNA replication, there exist just one oriC, but for eukaryotic chromosomes, there exists?
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Multiple
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Bacterial replication takes about 42 minutes with 4,600,000 base pairs, while the human genome takes?
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8 hours, and is made of 3 billion base pairs.
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What replication complex unwinds the DNA helix into separated parental strands?
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dnaB (helicase)
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Primase replication complex is used for what?
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Makes a small RNA primer for the binding of the DNA polymerases.
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Primase is also known as?
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dnaG, or RNA polymerase II.
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What is the DNA holoenzyme complex?
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Complex of several proteins including DNA polymerase III.
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What is DNA ligase?
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It links together okazaki fragments into on continous daughter strand.
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SSBs, single strand binding proteins are used for what?
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To bind to unwinding DNA to prevent hybridization back into a helix.
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Replication occurs in the ____ to _____.
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5’ to 3’
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Is bacterial chromosome a helix or single stranded?
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Helix
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When bacterial chromosomes unwind, they poduce what kind of two strands?
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Sense, and anti-sense strand.
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In prokaryotic replication, the parent strand is used templates for the new daughter strands?
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True
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DNA daughter strands can only be made in what direction?
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5’ to 3’
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The anti sense strand can be replicated continously/discontinously?
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continously.
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The leading strand is another name for what strand?
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Anti-sense strand
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The strand that gets left behind is the ________ strand?
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Lagging
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Lagging strands are also known as?
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Okazaki fragments
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Strands in prokaryotic replication are replicated at the same time/different times?
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Same time by large complex of proteins.
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The sense strand runs 3’ to 5’, therefor it must be ______ so that it runs in the same orientation.
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Looped
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DNA replication in prokaryotes require what three things?
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Initiation sequence, initiators, and termination sites.
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The initiation sequence is a DNA sequence that starts DNA synthesis, it is called what?
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oriC
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Initiators are proteins that recognize what region?
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The oriC region.
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What initiators are there?
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dnaA, dnaB
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Which initiator binds to oriC region?
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dnaA
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What does dnaA do?
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It unwinds s small area of the DNA helix, 20bps.
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What does dnaB do?
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It binds to the DNA and unwinds it further. After dnaA.
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What dna initiator is a helocase?
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dnaB
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Semi conservative replication is when what?
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50% of the parent is retained
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A replication bubble is what?
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Name given to when two dnaB molecules move in opposite direction. Comprised of two replication forks. its the bubble made when dna replication occurs
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What are termination sites?
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Region on single stranded dna, where snythesis stops when the regions of DNA being replicated meet each other.
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What are termination sequences?
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Instead of a termination site, a termination sequence is a specific sequence in the DNA that causes synthesis to stop.
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