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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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parsimony
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simplest explanation is the best (interpretivist view)
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fieldwork
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first-hand contact with the people one studies
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participation-observation
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partaking of the daily lives on the people one studies
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human-subjects protection
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protecting the people 1 studies 1.) physically, and 2.) mentally
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language
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every culture has it; a system of communication based on arbitrary symbols
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structural linguistics
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the structure of language; phonology, morpholoy, syntax
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phonology
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study of speech sounds; phonetics, phone, phoneme; the sound system of a language
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phonetics
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synonym to phonology; about 200 different sounds, most languages use about 30-60
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phone
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a speech sound; smallest identifiable unit of sound made by humans and used in any language
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call system
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a form of animal communication composed of a limited number of sounds that are tied to specific stimuli in the environment
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universal grammar
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a basic set of principles, conditions, and rules that form the foundation of all languages
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conventionality
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the notion that, in human language, words are only arbitrarily or conventionally connected to the things for which they stand
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productivity (linguistics)
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the idea that humans can combine words and sounds into new, meaningful utterances they have never before heard
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displacement
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the capacity of all human languages to describe things not happening in the present
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morphology
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a system for creating words from sounds
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semantics
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the system of a language that relates words to meaning
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syntax
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a system of rules for combining words into meaningful sentences
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phoneme
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the smallest unit of sound that serves to distinguish between meanings of words within a language
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minimal pair
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two words that differ in only one sound but have different meanings
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allophones
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two or more different phones that can be used to make the same phoneme in a specific language
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morpheme
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the smallest unit of language that has a meaning
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isolating language
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a language with relatively few morphemes per word and fairly simple rules for combining them
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agglutinating language
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a language that allows a great number of morphemes per word and has highly regular rules for combining morphemes
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lexicon
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the total stock of words in a language
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sociolinguistics
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the study of the relationship between language and culture and the ways language is used in varying social contexts
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code switching
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moving seamlessly and appropriately between two different languages
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sapir-whorf hypothesis
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the hypothesis that perceptoins and understandings of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structure of a language
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artifacts (in communications studies)
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communication by clothing, jewelry, tattoos, piercings, and other visible body modifications
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haptics
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the analysis and study of touch
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chronemics
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the study of the different ways that cultures understand time and use it to communicate
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proxemics
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the study of cultural use of interpersonal space
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kinesics
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the study of body position, movement, facial expressions, and gaze
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great vowel shift
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a change in the pronunciation of English language that took place between 1400 and 1600
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comparative linguistics
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the science of documenting the relationships between languages and grouping them into language families
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core vocabulary
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a list of 100 or 200 terms that designate things, actions, and activities likely to be named in all the world's languages
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glottochronology
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a statistical technique that linguists have developed to estimate the date of separation of related languages
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subsistence strategies
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the pattern of behavior used by a society to obtain food in a particular environment
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foraging (hunting and gathering)
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fishing, hunting, and collecting vegetable food
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sedentary
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settled, living in one place
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pastoralism
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a food-getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals
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horticulture
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production of plants using a simple, non-mechanized technology and where the fertility of gardens and fields is maintained through long periods of fallow
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agriculture
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a form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control
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industrialism
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the process of the mechanization of production
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population density
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the number of people inhabiting a unit of land (usually given as people per square mile or kilometer)
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productivity (food production)
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yield per person per unit of land
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efficiency (in food production)
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yield per person per hour of labor invested
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transhumant pastoralism
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a form of pastoralism in which herd animals are moved regularly throughout the year to different areas as pasture becomes available
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nomadic pastoralism
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a form of pastoralism in which the whole social group (men, women, children) and their animals move in search of pasture
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swidden (slash-and-burn) cultivation
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a form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush
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peasants
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rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, complex state societes
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globalization
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the integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network
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economics
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the study of the ways in which the choices people make combine to determine how their society uses its resources to produce and distribute goods and services
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economic systems
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the norms governing production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a society
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prestige
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social honor or respect
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division of labor
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the pattern of appointing different tasks to different members of a society
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productive resources
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material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information
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household
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a group of people united by kinship or other links who share a residence and organize production, consumption, and distribution among themselves
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reciprocity
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a mutual give-and-take among people of equal statuses
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generalized reciprocity
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giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected
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balanced reciprocity
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the giving and receiving of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation of a return gift within a specified time limit
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kula ring
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a pattern of exchange among trading partners in a ring of islands off Papua New Guinea
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negative reciprocity
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exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and the desire to get something for nothing
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redistribution
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exchange in which goods are collected from or contributed by members of a group and then given out to the group in a new pattern
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potlatch
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a form of redistribution involving competitive feasting practiced among northwest coast native Americans
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leveling mechanism
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a practice, value, or form of social organization that evens out wealth within a society
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cargo system
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a ritual system common in central and south america in which wealthy people are required to hold a series of costly ceremonial offices
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market exchange
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an economic system in which goods and services are bought and sold at a money price determined primarily by the forces of supply and demand
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firm
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an institution composed of kin and/or nonkin that is organized primarily for financial gain
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capital
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productive resources that are used with the primary goal of increasing their owner's financial wealth
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capitalism
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an economic system in which people work for wages, land and capital goods are privately owned, and capital is invested for profit
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