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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observation
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fact
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Hypothesis
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possible explanation
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Scientific Theory
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generalization explaining a large number of different observations
Ex: Plate tectonics, evolution |
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Scientific Law
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no deviation have been observed after many tests
Ex: Law of Gravity, Law of Conservation of energy |
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Law of Gravity
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F=m1m2/r2
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4 closed systems
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atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere
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Experiment
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Observations- systematic and purposeful
controlled |
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Conclusion
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which hypothesis do the results best support
what problems were their in doing the experiment what new questions arrise from these observations |
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What is a system?
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set of components that work together
arbitrary boundaries set by investigator |
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open, closed, isolated systems
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exchange matter and energy with surroundings; no exchange of matter bt can exchange energy; no exchange of matter or energy
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Conservation equation
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Input=Output+change in storage
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Steady state
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Change in storage
Input=Output |
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Transient state
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Input does not equal output
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resident time
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Average amount of time a unit of matter stays in a reservoir
T1=M/F |
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Feedback in systems
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feedback occurs when the output of the system influences the input to the system
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positive feedback
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the output of the system enhances the performance
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negative feedback
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slows the performance, decreasing the output
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Atomic #
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# of protons in nucleus of atom
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Atomic weight
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# of protons plus neutrons
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Polar molecule
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Hydrogen bonding between molecules
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Ions
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atoms that have too many or too few electrons(-) relative to the #of protons(+)
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Complex ions
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Group of atoms that together have a mismatch between electrons and protons
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Endothermic reaction
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absorb energy as the reaction progresses
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Exothermic
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give off energy as the reaction progresses
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Forms of chemical reactions
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Mechanical, themal (heat), electrical, Radiant (electromagnetic)
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Population density equation
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(R) rate=(Births-deaths)+(immigration-emigration)
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Intrinsic rate (biotic potential)
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age at which reproduction begins
generation time number of offspring |
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environmental resistance
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biotic (disease, competition for resources)
abiotic (climate, natural disaster) |
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Population change equation
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(Birth+immigration)-(death+emigration)
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crude birth rate
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#of births/1000 per year
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crude death rate
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#deaths/1000 per year
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birth rate %
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CBR/10= birth rate %
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fertlity rate
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# of children born per woman
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causes of fertility rate
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womens education
infant mortality religion governmental restriction |
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causes of death rate
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medical care
natural disaster disease |
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Green revolution
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industrialization of agriculture
high inputs of energy mechanization fertilization |
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
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eating lower on the food chain (organic farming)
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Habitat
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a place where you live; has what you need
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3 sources of energy
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sun (solar energy)
earths internal heat (radioactivity) Gravitational energy (tides) |
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HEAT TRANSFER
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radiation, conduction, advection
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Imports of fossil fuel use
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Exploration and extraction
Transport and processing Combustion and Use Disposal and residual wastes |
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Combustion and use of coal
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Air pollution
Particulate matter (fly ash) Sulfur dioxide Carbon monoxide |
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Disposal of residual wastes from coal
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Ash sludge
carbon monoxide |
