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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rosalind Franklin |
1920-1958 Chemist and X-ray Coworker of Crick and Watson |
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Chromosomes of Humans |
Metacentric, Submetacentric and Acrocentric Telocentric |
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Darwins Theory |
Hereditary traits present in gemmules On the Origin of Species. Gemmules are carried in the bloodstream, to the reproductive organs -> germ cells |
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Human Genome Project |
1990 - 2000 Identify all 20-25K genes. 3 Billion Base Pairs June 26th 2000 Complete 2003 no Mistakes |
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Describe Translation |
RNA Strang together with aminoacids in the Cytoplasm and Free Ribosomes form Proteins |
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Nuclear DNA after Syntheses and before Division |
s |
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Complementary DNA Bases |
A-T C-G |
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Satellites |
Present in all telomerese Chromosome segment that are separated from the main body. Humman 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 are SAT chromos |
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Central Dogma of DNA |
DNA Replication -> Transcription -> RNA-> Translation -> Protein |
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Fluorescent Stainings |
NAPI, PI, Quinacrine, Thidium Bromide |
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In which year was DNA found |
1953 |
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Chromosomes after replication and before division |
1 Chromosomes with 2 chromatides |
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Francis Galton |
Popularized eugenics 1822- 1911 Inheritance of intelligence |
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Who invented humand Genom Project |
Venter and Collins |
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Describe transcription |
Process of making RNA from DNA template. Including DNA, Transcription Factors, RNA Polymerase and ATP. Transcription Region- > TATA Box -> Transcription Factor TF2D -> TBP binds to TATA -> TF2A & TF2B attach. Polymerase binds to DNA together with ATP transcription can begin creating RNA from DNA. |
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Purpose of cytogentic Examination |
Finding of genetic Dissordes Trisomie 21, Genetic defects |
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Which answers are correct for satellites |
Identical to nucleolar organizers, Ribosmal RNA |
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Whats the most common chromosome in humans |
? |
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Scientists of cell theory |
1830- 1840 M.J Schleiden & Theodor Schwann & Jan Evangeslista Purkyne |
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Hugo DeVries responsible For |
Discovered Mutations Confrimed Mendelian laws of heredity |
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Morphologic Satellite |
? |
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Right Squenece of DNA |
5 CCCGGG 3 3 GGGCCC 5 5 AAATTT 3 3 TTTAAA5 |
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Fleulgen´s Reactions |
? |
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Reverse Transcription |
RNA To DNA found in retoviruses HIV Uses Reverse Transcriptase to DNA |
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Whats the most common chromosome in humans |
Submetacentric |
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Who discovered DNA |
Watson & Crick |
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Pyrimidine |
Heteroaromaten Uracil Thymin |
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Satellite DNA |
Non coding DNA In Eukaryotas, Repeating Seg. such as CACACACAC upto 25 base pair repeats.
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Biology |
Word for life |
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Jean - Baptiste de Lamarck |
1744 - 1849 Intoduced name Biology |
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Organization of living Systems |
molecules -> macromolecules-> cells-> tissues->organs organ systems-> organisms -> populations -> ecosystems |
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek |
16-17th Century first Mircoscopes |
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Robert Hooke |
Inventer of word cell |
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Cell Theory |
1830 - 1840 All organisms are composed of cells Mathias Jacob Schleiden Theodor Schwann Jan Evangelista Purkyne |
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George Mendel |
1822- 1884 Each individual has 2 heredity factors. Dominant and Recessive factor |
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Francis Galton |
1822 - 1911 Darwins half cousin
Popularized idea of eugenics |
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Eugenics |
Field involving the controlled breeding of humans in order to achieve desirable traits in future generations. |
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Rudolf Virchow |
Each cell originates from another cell |
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Johann Friedrich Miescher |
Isolation of Nuclein |
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Thomas Hunt Morgan |
1866 - 1945
Experiments on fruit fly |
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Frederick Griffith |
1928 Experiments with bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae Tansforming principle in Bacteria |
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DNA Structure |
Phosphate + Nucleotide + 2-deoxyribose |
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Basic Molecules of life |
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA ( Ribonucleic Acid) Peptides, Proteins |
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Topoisomerase and Helicase |
Relax and unwind DNA Helix |
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Primase |
Catalyzes the syntheses of RNA Primer |
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DNA Polymerase a |
Catalyzes DNA synthesis in Okazaki fragments |
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DNA Polymerase o |
Catalyzes synthesis of leading stran and terminates synthesis in lagging stand |
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DNA Ligase |
Produces a phosphodiester bond between polynucleotide strands |
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RNA VS DNA |
Ribose instead of deoxyribose Uracil -------------- Thyamine Less stable -------- More stable RNA can have structural catalytic functions Ribozymes |
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rRNA |
ribosomal RNA |
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snRNA |
small nuclear RNA (splicing of theprimary transcript – hnRNA) |
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Postranscriptional Modifications |
hnRNA splicing Addition of 7 -methyguanosine Cap Polyadenylation |
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hnRNA Splicing |
Removal if introns from preRNA Spliceosome = Made from 4 snRNP snRNA = small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U1, U2, U4 & U6 |
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tRNA |
ca. 75 nucleotides 1 Amino acids on the bottom is the anticodon First is AUG |
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Genetic Code |
66 Codons that code for 20 essential aminos Universal: all organism execeptions e.g mitochondrion, bacteria |
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Proteosynthetic Processes are located in: |
Nucleus: Transcription, posttranscriptional modification. Roughendo: Translation Smooth Endo & Golgi Posttranslational modifications for transport |
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Missense Mutation |
New codon is coding for another amino acid |
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Nonsense mutations |
New triplet is a stop codon -> proteosynthesis is prematurely finished |
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Chromosome |
Telomere on the short (p) arm Centromere Long arm (q) Telomere |
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Types of Chromosomes |
Metacentric Submetacentric Acrocentric Telocentric Holocentric |
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Staining of Chromosomes |
Giemsa Staining |
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Cell Cycle |
M Mitosis G1 Phases S Phase (DNA synthesis) G2 Phases |
