1A: Dt 9-1

Front 1

What portion of thalamus relays:
Somatosensory from body

Back 1

VPL

Front 2

What portion of thalamus relays:
Cerebellum and basal ganglia-->motor cortex

Back 2

VL

Front 3

What portion of thalamus relays:
Trigeminothalamic and taste-->somatosensory cortex

Back 3

VPM

Front 4

What portion of thalamus relays:
Mamillothalamic tract-->cingulate gyrus

Back 4

Anterior nucleus

Front 5

What portion of thalamus relays:
Integration of visual, auditory, and somesthetic input

Back 5

Pulvinar (sp)

Front 6

What portion of thalamus relays:
Memory loss if destroyed

Back 6

Medial dorsal

Front 7

What portion of thalamus relays:
Brachium of inferior colliculus-->primary auditory cortex

Back 7

Medial geniculate body

Front 8

Tumor marker for:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV and HCV patients)

Back 8

AFP

Front 9

Tumor marker for:
Ovarian cancer

Back 9

CA125

Front 10

Tumor marker for:
Melanoma

Back 10

CA199, CEA

Front 11

Tumor marker for:
Colon cancer

Back 11

CEA

Front 12

Tumor marker for:
Astrocytoma

Back 12

S100

Front 13

A 70 year-old patient develops pneumonia.

Organism?

Back 13

Strep pneumo
H flu

Front 14

What is the mechanism of action of disulfiram?

What other drugs have a disulfiram reaction?

Back 14

Inhibits acetaldehyde DH

Metronidazole
Procarbazine
1st generation sulfonylureas
Cephalosporins

Front 15

MOA of:
Protease inhibitors

Back 15

Inhibit viral assembly by inhibiting protease enzyme

Front 16

MOA of:
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Back 16

Nucleic acid analog inhibits reverse transcriptase and prevents integration of viral DNA into host genome

Front 17

MOA of:
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Back 17

Inhibit reverse transcriptase by binding non-competitively (and directly) to enzyme

IRREVERSIBLE

Front 18

MOA of:
Fusion inhibitors

Back 18

Bind viral gp41 and inhibit fusion with CD4 cells

Front 19

What are the common circumstances when passive immunity is required?

Back 19

testanus, botulinum, HBV, rabies, RSV

Front 20

Which nerve is damaged:
Loss of forearm pronation

Back 20

Median

Front 21

Which nerve is damaged:
Loss of arm and forearm flexion

Back 21

Musculocutaneous

Front 22

Which nerve is damaged:
Trouble initiating arm abduction

Back 22

Suprascapular n

Front 23

Which nerve is damaged:
Unable to raise arm above horizontal

Back 23

Long thoracic, spinal accessory

Front 24

Which abnormality:
Boot-shaped heart

Back 24

RVH

Front 25

Which abnormality:
Continuous machine-like murmur

Back 25

PDA

Front 26

Which abnormality:
Tendon xanthomas

Back 26

Familial hyperchol

Front 27

Which abnormality:
Subluxation of lenses

Back 27

Marfan's

Front 28

Which abnormality:
Cafe-au-lait spots

Back 28

Neurofibromatosis type I
McCune-Albright Syndrome

Front 29

Which abnormality:
Tuft of hair on lower back

Back 29

Occult spina bifida

Front 30

What adult cell types arise from neural crest cells?

Back 30

ANS
DRG
Melanocytes
Adrenal chromaffin cells (make catechols)
Pia, arachnoid cells
Bone to skull
Etc.......

Front 31

Metastasis to brain commonly comes from __________.

Back 31

Lots of bad stuff kills glia
Lung
Breast
Skin (melanoma)
Kidney (RCC)
GI tract cancers

Front 32

Metastasis to liver commonly comes from __________.

Back 32

Cancer sometimes penetrates benign liver.

Colon, stomach, pancreas, breast

Front 33

Metastasis to bone commonly comes from __________.

Back 33

PT barnum loves kids

Prostate
Thyroid
Breast
Lungs
Kidney

Front 34

What are the 4 types of epithelial cell junctions?

Back 34

Zona occludens--tight jns

Zona adherens--intermediate jn w/actin and e-cadherin

Macula adherens--desmosomes

Gap jns

Front 35

What are the 4 proteins involved in non-epithelial adhesion mechanisms?

Back 35

Selectins, integrans, i-cams, cadherins

Front 36

Label

Back 36

1. Vesiculus cuneatus
2. Vesiculus gracilis
3. Lissauer's tract
4. Lateral corticospinal tract
5. Vestibulospinal tract
6. Reticulospinal tract
7. Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract
8. Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract
9. Lateral spinothalamic tract
10. Anterior (ventral) spinocerebellar tract
11.Posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract

Front 37

Which pathology:
Psammoma bodies

Back 37

PSMM
Papillary adenoca of thy
Serous cystadenoca of ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

Front 38

Which pathology:
Posterior cervical adenopathy

Back 38

EBV-->mono
Cat scratch
Acute otitis media

Front 39

Which pathology:
Lytic bone lesions on x-ray

Back 39

Multiple myeloma

Front 40

Which pathology:
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

Back 40

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

Front 41

Which pathology:
Low serum ceruloplasmin

Back 41

Wilson's dz

Front 42

Drug class:
Azathioprine

Back 42

Immunosuppress

Front 43

Drug class:
Probenecid

Back 43

Used for gout, inhibits uric acid reabsorption

Front 44

Drug class:
Primaquine

Back 44

Anti-malarial

Front 45

Drug class:
Cefprozil

Back 45

2nd gen cephalosporin

Front 46

Drug class:
Lamivudine

Back 46

NRTI

Front 47

Drug class:
Tobramycin

Back 47

Aminoglycoside

Front 48

Drug class:
Losartan

Back 48

ARB

Front 49

Drug class:
Indinavir

Back 49

HIV protease inhibitor

Front 50

Drug class:
6-mercaptopurine

Back 50

Anti-cancer

Front 51

Drug class:
Rofecoxib

Back 51

COX2 inhibitor

Front 52

Drug class:
Carmustine

Back 52

Nitrosylurea

Front 53

Drug class:
Doxycyline

Back 53

Tetracycline

Front 54

Drug class:
Timolol

Back 54

Beta-blocker

Front 55

Drug class:
Methotrexate

Back 55

Inhibitor of DHF reductase

Front 56

Drug class:
Cimetidine

Back 56

H2RA

Front 57

Drug class:
Mefloquine

Back 57

Anti-malarial

Front 58

What is the MOA of N-acetylcysteine when given as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose?

Back 58

Regenerates glutathione

Front 59

Which hormone:
Stimulates bone and muscle growth

Back 59

GH via IGF-1

Front 60

Which hormone:
Stimulates milk production and secretion

Back 60

PL

Front 61

Which hormone:
Stimulates milk secretion during lactation

Back 61

Oxytocin

Front 62

Which hormone:
Responsible for female secondary sex characteristics

Back 62

Estrogen

Front 63

Which hormone:
Stimulates metabolic activity

Back 63

T4

Front 64

Which hormone:
Increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis

Back 64

Glucocorticoids--cortisol

Front 65

Which hormone:
Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics

Back 65

T

Front 66

Which hormone:
Prepares endometrium for implantation/maintenance of pregnancy

Back 66

PG

Front 67

Which hormone:
Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete cortisol

Back 67

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 68

Which hormone:
Stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males

Back 68

FSH

Front 69

Which hormone:
Increases plasma calcium, increases bone resorption

Back 69

PTH

Front 70

Which hormone:
Decreases plasma calcium, increases bone formation

Back 70

Calcitonin

Front 71

Which hormone:
Stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males

Back 71

LH

Front 72

Which hormone:
Stimulates thyroid to produce T4 and uptake iodine

Back 72

TSH

Front 73

Secreted from where:
Growth hormone

Back 73

Anterior Pit

Front 74

Secreted from where:
Thyroid hormone

Back 74

Thy

Front 75

Secreted from where:
Glucocorticoids

Back 75

Zona fasciulata of adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoids = CORTISOL

Front 76

Secreted from where:
Progesterone

Back 76

Ovaries
Placenta

Front 77

Secreted from where:
Prolactin

Back 77

Ant pituitary

Front 78

Secreted from where:
Oxytocin

Back 78

Made in hypothal (paraventricular nuclei) but stored in posterior pituitary

Front 79

Secreted from where:
Atrial natriuretic hormone

Back 79

Heart

Front 80

Secreted from where:
Glucagon

Back 80

alpha cells in pancreas

Front 81

Secreted from where:
Testosterone

Back 81

Testis in males
Ovaries in females
Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

Front 82

Secreted from where:
Follicle stimulating hormone

Back 82

Anterior pituitary

Front 83

Secreted from where:
Vasopressin

Back 83

Hypothal (supraoptic nuc) stored in post pit

Front 84

Secreted from where:
Calcitonin

Back 84

Parafollicular C cells of thyroid

Front 85

Secreted from where:
Thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 85

Ant pit

Front 86

Secreted from where:
Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 86

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Front 87

Secreted from where:
Insulin

Back 87

beta cells of pancreas

Front 88

Secreted from where:
Estradiol

Back 88

Ovaries

Front 89

Secreted from where:
Estriol

Back 89

Placenta

Front 90

Secreted from where:
Estrone

Back 90

Fat cells via peripheral conversion

Front 91

Secreted from where:
Estrogen in males

Back 91

Testis

Front 92

Secreted from where:
Parathyroid hormone

Back 92

Parathyroid

Front 93

Secreted from where:
Somatostatin

Back 93

D cells of Pancreas

Front 94

Secreted from where:
Luteinizing hormone

Back 94

Ant pit

Front 95

Secreted from where:
Mineralocorticoids

Back 95

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

Front 96

Secreted from where:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Back 96

Ant pit

Front 97

Which hormones utilize cAMP pathways?

Back 97

FLAT CHAMP
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH (V2 receptor)
MSH
PTH
(anything from ant pit)
Calcitonin
GHRH
glucagon

Front 98

Which hormones utilize cGMP pathways?

Back 98

Think vasodilators:
ANP
NO (EDRF)

Front 99

Which hormones utilize IP3 pathways?

Back 99

GOAT
GnRH
Oxytocin
ADH (V1 receptor)
TRH

Front 100

Which hormones bind receptors in the nucleus?

Back 100

T3/T4

Front 101

Which hormones bind receptors in the cytosol?

Back 101

VET CAP
Vitamin D
Estrogen
Testosterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Progesterone

Front 102

Which hormones utilize a tyrosine kinase pathway?

Back 102

Insulin
IGF-1
FGF
PDGF

(GROWTH FACTORS)

Front 103

Posterior pituitary:
AKA
Embryonal derivation of _____
Hormones

Back 103

AKA Neurohypohysis
Arises from neuroectoderm

Stores vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

Front 104

Anterior pituitary:
AKA
Embryonal derivation of _____
Hormones

Back 104

Adenohyphophysis

Surface ectoderm (Rathke's pouch)

FLAT PiG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PL
GH
ALL ACT VIA cAMP!--except GH, acts via tyrosine kinase

Front 105

POMC:
Precursor of ______

Back 105

ACTH
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Front 106

The alpha-subunit is common to these hormones.

Which subunit determine hormone specificity?

Back 106

TSH
LH
FSH
hCG

beta-subunit determines hormone specificity

Front 107

Effect of TRH on pituitary

Back 107

Hypothal releases TRH and causes TSH & PL release

Front 108

Effect of DA on pituitary

Back 108

Inhibits PL release

Front 109

Effect of CRH on pituitary

Back 109

Releases ACTH

Front 110

Effect of GHRH on pituitary

Back 110

Releases GH

Front 111

Effect of somatostatin on pituitary

Back 111

Inhibits GH, TSH

Front 112

Effect of GnRH on piuitary

Back 112

Releases FSH, LH

Front 113

Effect of prolactin on pituitary

Back 113

Inhibits GnRH release

Front 114

Bromocriptine:
MOA

Back 114

DA agonist at pituitary to decrease PL release

Front 115

Hyperprolactinemia:
Causes
Presentation

Back 115

Causes:
Pregnancy/nipple stimuln
Stress
Prolactinoma (associated with bitermporal hemianopsia)
DA antagonists: antipsychotics (haloperidol, respiridone), methyldopa

Presentation:
Premenopausal females: hypogonadism-->infertility, oligo/amenorrhea, rarely galactorrhea

Postmenopausal female: none since already hypogonodal

Male syx: hypogonadism (low T), dec'd libido, impotence, infertility (low sperm count), gynecomastia, rarely galactorrhea

Front 116

Pituitary adenoma:
Presentation
Treatment

Back 116

Most commonly a prolactinoma

Presents w/features of hyperprolactinemia, also w/bilateral hemianopsia (tumor impinges on optic chiasm)

Tx: bromocriptine, cabergoline

Front 117

Sheehan's Syndrome:
Pathophys
Presentation

Back 117

Postpartum hypopituitarism due to inc'd risk of infarction

Fatigue
Anorexia
Poor lactation
Loss of pubic/axillary hair
(lack all of pituitary hormones!)

Front 118

Acromegaly:
Pathophys
Presentation
Treatment

Back 118

Excess GH

Large tongue, deep furrows
Indentions along tongue due to pressure of teeth against large tongue
Large hands, feet
Coarse facial features

Insulin resistance

Pituitary resection, octreotide

Front 119

Somatostatin:
Produced by
Effects
Examples of analogues
Uses

Back 119

Made by D cells in pancreas and GI tract

Effects: Dec'd splanchnic blood flow, dec'd GI motility and GB contraction, inhibits secreiton of most GI hormones

Uses:
Acromegaly, ACTH-secreting tumors (will dec endocrine/exocrine secretions in CNS/PNS)

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma, glucagonoma

Portal HTN

Ex: Octreotide, lamreotide

Front 120

50 year-old female complains of double vision, amenorrhea, headaches.

Cause?

Back 120

Prolactinoma suppressing optic chiasm

Front 121

MRi reveals replacement of tissue in sella turcica with CSF.

Clinical presentation?

Back 121

Empty Sella Syndrome (pituitary normally sits in sella)

No unusual presentation bc normally have some residual pituitary tissue, but sometimes have deficiency in one or more hormones.

Front 122

What hormones arise from the anterior pituitary?

Back 122

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PL
GH
MSH

Front 123

Which hormones share a common alpha-subunit?

Back 123

TSH
LH
FSH
beta-hCG

Front 124

PTH:
Stimulus for release
Released by
Effects

Back 124

Hypocalcemia-->PTH release

Comes from parathyroid chief cells

F/X:
Inc'd renal absorption of calcium
Inhibits phosphate reabsorption (phosphate trashing hormone)
Inc'd production of 1,5-OH Vit D-->inc'd GI absorption of Ca2+

Directly stimulates oblasts, indirectly stimulates oclasts-->inc'd bone resorption

-->inc'd serum Ca2+

Front 125

Vitamin D2 vs Vitamin D3:
Sources
What becomes of these?

Back 125

Vitamin D2 from plants, Vitamin D3 from Sun

-->25-OH vitamin D in liver

-->1,25-OH2 vitamin D in kidney via 1-alpha-hydroxylase (activated by PTH)-->bone/GI tract

Front 126

What non-parathyroid condition results in hypercalcemia?

How?

Back 126

Sarcoidosis

Granulomas-->macs produce active vitamin D

Front 127

Calcitonin:
Source
Embryonic origin
Function
Regulation

Back 127

Source: parafollicular C cells of thyroid

Derived from NCC

Decreases bone resorption of calcium

High serum Ca2+ causes calcitonin secretion

CalciTONin TONes down Ca2+ levels

Front 128

Hyperparathyroidism:
Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary--
Pathophys
Lab values
Examples

Back 128

Primary (Stones, bones, and groans): usually adenoma; hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria (renal stones), hypophosphatemia, often asyx, but may present with weakness and constipation (groans)

Ex: osteitis fibrosa cystica

Secondary: secondary hyperplasia due to dec'd gut Ca2+ absorption and inc'd phosphorus, most often in chronic renal disease (low active vitamin D)--HYPOCALCEMIA, hyperphosphatemia, high alk phos, high PTH

Ex: Renal osteodystrophy

Tertiary: refractory hyperpara; results from chornic renal dz; HIGH HIGH PTH, high Ca2+

Front 129

Which diuretics result in increased urinary excretion of calcium?

Back 129

Loops lose calcium
Thiazides don't (dec'd renal calcium stones)

Front 130

Hypoparathyroidism:
Causes
Presentation

Back 130

CAused by accidental surgical excision (thyroid sx), autoimmune destructions, or DiGeorge syndrome

Presentation:
Chvostek's sign--Tap cheek-->contraction of facial muscles

Trousseau's sign--occlusion of brachial artery with BP cuff-->carpal spasm

Front 131

What is pseudohypoparathyroidism?

Back 131

Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy--autosomal-dominant kidney unresponsiveness to PTH

leads to hypocalcemia, shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature

PTH WILL BE HIGH

Front 132

What are the 3 functions of vitamin D?

Back 132

Increases GI absorption of Ca2+
Increases GI absorption of PO4
Increases bone resorption of Ca2+ and PO4

Front 133

How does PTH affect calcium?

Back 133

Increases serum Ca2+
Increases renal absorption of Ca2+ at DCT

Front 134

How does PTH affect phosphate?

Back 134

Pulls PO4 from bone and excretes it in urine

Front 135

What cells secrete calcitonin?

Back 135

Parafollicular C Cells of thyroid

Front 136

What are two signs of hypocalcemia?

Back 136

Chvostek's (tap cheek)
Trousseau's (tighten cuff-->carpal spasm)

Front 137

What are the two most common causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 137

Solitary parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia

Front 138

What is the underlying cause of renal osteodystrophy? How will serum Ca, Phos, Alk Phos, and PTH levels compare to normal levels?

Back 138

Dec'd nephron loss

Phosphate elevated
Calcium low
PTH elevated
ALP elevated or normal

Front 139

What agents can be used to treat osteoporosis?

Back 139

Ca2+, vit D
Bisphosphonates***
Pulsatile PTH
Calcitonin
E2
Tamoxifen, raloxifene
T

Front 140

In osteomalacia and Rickets, how will serum Ca, Phos, Alk Phos, PTH, urine Ca, and urine Phos compare to normal values?

Back 140

Vitamin D Deficiency-->
Calcium low
PTH high
ALP increases as PTH increases
Phosphate low
Urine phsophate inc'd (kidneys still fnal!)
Urine calcium dec'd

Front 141

Which hormones work via tyrosine kinase second messengers?

Back 141

Insulin
IGF-1
PDGF
FGF
Prolactin
GH

(growth related!)

Front 142

Which cancers are associated with hypercalcemia?

Back 142

SquamousCC (anywhere)
Renal CC
Multiple myeloma
Breast Ca Mets

Front 143

A young woman is found to have short stature and shortened 4th and 5th metacarpals.

Diagnosis?

Back 143

Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy--pseudohypopara

Front 144

What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?

Back 144

Inhibit oclast, simulate oblast (or just lets them stay fnal)

Front 145

What are some possible causes of hypocalcemia?

Back 145

Hypopara due to Thyroid Sx
Autoimmune disorder, DiGeorge Syndrome

Front 146

T3/T4:
Sources of each
Function
Regulation

Back 146

T4 formed by thyroid follicles
T3 formed in blood by peripheral conversion

T3 functions:
Brain maturation, bone growth, beta-adrenergic f/x (inc'd CO, HR, SV< contractility), inc'd Basal metabolic rate (inc'd Na/K/ATPase-->inc'd O2 consumption, body temp, RR)
Inc'd glycogenolysis, glucneo, lipolysis

Regulation:
TRH from hypothal stimulates TSH at pituitary; negative feedback by T3 to anterior pituitary

Front 147

Back 147

Extraocular muscle enlargement-->Graves' Disease

Front 148

TBG:
Role

Back 148

Binds free T3/T4 (inactive when bound)

Only unbound is active

Front 149

Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism:
Symptoms
Lab findings

Back 149

Hypothy:
Syx:
Cold intolerance
Weight gain, dec'd appetite
Hypoactivity
Constipation
Hyporeflexia

Labs: Inc'd TSH, dec'd T4, dec'd T3 uptake

Hyperthy:
Heat intolerance
Weight loss, inc'd appetite
Hyperactive
Diarrhea
Hyperreflex

Dec'd TSH (if primary), inc'd T4, inc'd T3 reuptake

Front 150

Hashimoto's thyroiditis:
Pathophys
Presentation

Back 150

Autoimmune thyroid disorder

Most common cause of hypothy (may start out as hyperthy though)

Front 151

Hurthle cells:
What are they?
Pathognomonic of?

Back 151

enlarged epithelial cells w/excess eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm

Seen in Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Front 152

Cretinism:
Pathophys
Presentation

Back 152

Fetal hypothy

May be due to iodine deficiency; defect in T4 formation (or failure to form thyroid)

Pot bellied, protuberant tongue, pale, puffy face, protruding umbilicus

MR

Front 153

Subacute thyroiditis:
Pathophys
Presentation

Back 153

Self-limited hypothy following flu-like illness

Hypothyroid

Front 154

Riedel's thyroiditis:
Pathophys
Presentation

Back 154

Thryoid replaced by fibrous tissue

Hypothyroide

Fixed, har, rock-like, painless goiter

Front 155

Graves' Disease:
Pathophy
Presentation
Hypersens Rxn Type?

Back 155

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism; due to ab's activating TSH receptor

Proptosis

TYPE II HYPERSENS (Ab mediated)

Front 156

Thyroid storm:
What is it?
Causes
Treatment

Back 156

aka thyrotoxicosis

Stress-induced catechol surge leading to death by arrhythmia; seen as serious complication of Graves' and other hyperthy disorders

Tx: Propranolol

Front 157

Propylthiouracil:
MOA
Use

Back 157

Inhibits iodination and coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis

Decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

Use in hyperthy

LESS BIRTH DEFECTS, OKAY IN PREGNANCY

Front 158

Methimazole
MOA
Use

Back 158

Inhibits iodination and coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis

(NO EFFECT ON PERIPHERAL CONVERSION)

Use in hyperthy
Possibly a teratogen!!

Front 159

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
Extremely tender thyroid gland

Back 159

de Quervain's thyroiditis (subacute thyroiditis)

Front 160

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
Pretibial myxedema

Back 160

Graves'

Front 161

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
Pride in recent weight loss, medical professional

Back 161

Thyroid hormone abuse

Front 162

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
Palpation of single thyroid nodule

Back 162

Toxic thyroid adenoma

Front 163

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
Palpation of multiple thyroid nodules

Back 163

Toxic multinodular goiter

Front 164

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
Recent study using IV contrast dye (iodine)

Back 164

Jod-Basedow phenomenon--thyrotoxicosis if pt w/iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete

Front 165

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
Proptosis, edema, injection

Back 165

Graves'

Front 166

Cause of hyperthyroidism:
History of thyroidectomy or radio-ablation of thyroid

Back 166

Too much exogenous thyroid hormone

Front 167

Most common form of thyroid cancer.

Histologic features?

Back 167

Papillary carcinoma--excellent prognosis, ground glass nuclei (Orphan Annie)

Psammoma bodies, inc'd risk w/childhood irradiation

Front 168

Back 168

Papillary cancer of thyroid--note Orphan Annie nuclei

Front 169

A 35 year-old female presents with diffuse goiter and hyperthyroidism.

What are her TSH and T4 levels like?

Back 169

This is probably Graves

Low TSH
High T4

Front 170

A 48 year-old woman has suffered from progressive lethargy and extreme sensitivity to cold.

Diagnosis?

Back 170

Hypothy--Hashimoto's most common cause

Front 171

Type of thyroid cancer:
Most common type of thyroid cancer (75%)

Back 171

Papillary

Front 172

Type of thyroid cancer:
Second most common type of thyroid cancer (10%)

Back 172

Follicular

Front 173

Type of thyroid cancer:
Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases

Back 173

Papillary/Medullary

Front 174

Type of thyroid cancer:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a risk factor

Back 174

Lymphoma

Front 175

Type of thyroid cancer:
Cancer arising from parafollicular C cells

Back 175

Medullary

Front 176

Type of thyroid cancer:
Commonly associated with either a RAS mutation or a PAX8-PPAR gamma1 rearragnement

Back 176

Follicular

Front 177

Type of thyroid cancer:
Commonly associated with rearrangements in RET oncogene or NTRK1

Back 177

Papillary

Front 178

Type of thyroid cancer:
Most common mutation in BRAF gene (serine/threonine kinase)

Back 178

Papillary