19Th Century German Philosophers

Front 1

This is a Latin phrase cited by Kant that means “have the courage to use your own reason.”

Back 1

Sapere Aude

Front 2

Kant cites these two reasons why “so great a portion of mankind… remains under lifelong tutelage.”

Back 2

Laziness and Cowardice

Front 3

Kant says that “if only ____ is granted, enlightenment is almost sure to follow.”

Back 3

Freedom

Front 4

Kant defines enlightenment as “the escape of men from their self-incurred ___.”

Back 4

Immaturity

Front 5

Kant distinguishes between two types of reason, one that is employed in official duties and one that involves the freedom to publish one’s own thoughts. Name both types of reason.

Back 5

Private and Public

Front 6

Kant defines reason as “the faculty of widening the rules and purposes of the use of all [human] powers beyond ____.”

Back 6

Natural instinct

Front 7

Kant says that because this does nothing in vain, there must be a purpose for human reason.

Back 7

Nature

Front 8

Kant defines this as the human “propensity to enter into society, bound together with a mutual opposition which constantly threatens to break up society.”

Back 8

Antagonism

Front 9

Kant says that the highest purpose of nature is the achievement of a society with the greatest amount of this.

Back 9

Freedom

Front 10

Kant says that man is an animal which, if he lives in society, needs one of these.

Back 10

A master

Front 11

Kant says that because man is (metaphorically) made of this, nothing perfectly straight can ever be built from him.

Back 11

Crooked wood

Front 12

Kant believes that this will eventually compel nation-states to come together in a league of nations.

Back 12

Nature will bring men to that which reason could have told them in the beginning. They will form a league of nations to avoid war, to gain security and justice.

Front 13

Kant and Hegel both suggest that philosophical history is a form of this, which is a (traditionally theological) “justification of Nature or Providence” (Kant) or “justification of the ways of God” (Hegel).

Back 13

Theodicy

Front 14

Name the four methods of world history according to Hegel.

Back 14

There are 3: Hegel was a fan of things tripartite. Original, Reflective, and Philosophic.

Front 15

Thucydides’ account of the Peloponnesian War is an example of this type of historical method according to Hegel.

Back 15

Original

Front 16

The second method of history that Hegel describes can be broken down into four sub-types. These are all types of history “whose presentation goes beyond the present in spirit, and does not refer to the historian’s own time.” Name the four sub-types.

Back 16

Pragmatic, Universal, Critical, and Specialized.

Front 17

Hegel says that the only thought which philosophy brings “a priori” to history is “the simple thought of ___.”

Back 17

Reason

Front 18

The consideration of world history for Hegel should reveal it to be the rational, necessary course of the development of ___.

Back 18

the (World/One Universal) Spirit

Front 19

This Greek philosopher was, according to Hegel, the first to recognize that nous or “mind” ruled the world.

Back 19

Anaxagoras

Front 20

Hegel describes this as the religious principle that the world is not subject to chance and external contingencies.

Back 20

Providence controls the world

Front 21

Name the three main historical epochs for Hegel (3 points) in the right historical order (1 point).

Back 21

Oriental, Greek/Roman, Germanic

Front 22

In this historical epoch, Hegel says, people thought that only one person is free.

Back 22

Oriental

Front 23

The final goal of the world for Hegel involves the consciousness and actualization of this quality.

Back 23

Freedom (on the part of Spirit)

Front 24

In contemplating the “monstrous sacrifices” that have been made of nations and individuals throughout history, Hegel analogizes history to this.

Back 24

A slaughterbench

Front 25

Hegel says that nothing great has ever been accomplished in the world without this.

Back 25

Passion

Front 26

Hegel claims that a state is well constituted and strong if this is united with the universal goal of the state.

Back 26

The private interest of its citizens

Front 27

Marx says that, under capitalism, the worker sinks to the level of this, because his wretchedness is in direct proportion to his productivity.

Back 27

an ever cheaper commodity

Front 28

For Marx, the factory worker’s product confronts him as something ____, or a power independent of and opposed to him.

Back 28

Alien

Front 29

Marx says that the human being is distinguished from the animal by the fact that he makes this the object of his will and his consciousness.

Back 29

His life activity

Front 30

Marx describes this as “the objectification of man’s species life.”

Back 30

The object of labor

Front 31

Marx claims that although this appears to be the cause/ source of alienated labor, it is really its consequence.

Back 31

Private property

Front 32

Marx describes this as “the positive transcendence of private property.”

Back 32

Communism

Front 33

Marx describes the history of all hitherto existing societies as the history of this.

Back 33

Class struggles

Front 34

Marx credits this group with putting an end to all feudal relations and pushing into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages.

Back 34

The bourgeoisie

Front 35

Marx calls this the only really revolutionary class of the (his) present time.

Back 35

The proletariat

Front 36

Name the four forms of the Principle of Sufficient Reason for Schopenhauer.

Back 36

Becoming, Knowing, Being, Acting

Front 37

For Schopenhauer, knowledge of this is the sole function of the understanding.

Back 37

Causality *

Front 38

Schopenhauer describes this as the “immediate object” of the subject.

Back 38

The body

Front 39

Schopenhauer lists these as the two conditions of knowing the world of perception.

Back 39

The power of material things to produce change on one another(objectively expressed)/Understanding (subjectively) AND The sensibility of animal bodies *

Front 40

Schopenhauer describes the ideal represented in this figure as the most perfect development of practical reason and the highest (ethical) point to which man can obtain through the use of his faculty of reason alone.

Back 40

Stoicism

Front 41

Schopenhauer separates natural science into two main divisions: one concerned with the description of forms and shapes, the other with the explanation of changes. What names does he give these two divisions?

Back 41

Morphology and Etiology

Front 42

This is known for Schopenhauer in the most immediate way, such that subject and object are not quite distinguished.

Back 42

The Platonic Idea

Front 43

Schopenhauer describes these two things as the “principium individuationis.”

Back 43

Time and Space

Front 44

Schopenhauer defines this as a cause which itself undergoes no reaction proportional to its effect.

Back 44

Stimulus

Front 45

For Schopenhauer, when the will “objectifies itself” or “makes itself visible,” it does so at higher and lower ____.

Back 45

Grades

Front 46

Schopenhauer says that the will finds its most distinct and perfect objectification in this.

Back 46

Cannibalism

Front 47

Schopenhauer describes the will as “groundless,” because it lies outside the province of this.

Back 47

The principle of sufficient
reason

Front 48

Works of art according to Schopenhauer represent these.

Back 48

"Ideas"

Front 49

What does Schopenhauer say is the real opposite of the sublime?

Back 49

The beautiful

Front 50

Which form of art does Schopenhauer single out for representing not the phenomenal world but rather the thing-in-itself?

Back 50

Music

Front 51

With what term does Schopenhauer designate the “breaking through of another’s affirmation of will?”

Back 51

Wrong

Front 52

With what term does Schopenhauer designate “the fitness or suitableness of an object to any definite effort of the will?”

Back 52

Good

Front 53

With which type of artistic phenomenon does Nietzsche associate the collapse of the principium individuationis?

Back 53

Music

Front 54

Name the two ingredients in the “horrible witches brew” that Nietzsche associates with the Dionysian festivals.

Back 54

Sensuality and Cruelty

Front 55

Name the Greek deity who, on Nietzsche’s account, “exacts measure from his disciples.”

Back 55

Apollo

Front 56

What does Nietzsche describe as “a permanent military encampment of the Apollonian?”

Back 56

The Doric state and Doric art

Front 57

Nietzsche opposes Homer and this figure as the original forefathers of Greek poetry.

Back 57

Archilochus

Front 58

According to Nietzsche, the Greek “man of culture” felt himself to be nullified in the presence of this.

Back 58

The satyric chorus

Front 59

According to Nietzsche, existence is justified only as this.

Back 59

An aesthetic phenomenon

Front 60

According to Nietzsche, all the celebrated figures of the Greek stage are merely masks for this “original hero.”

Back 60

Dionysus

Front 61

Name the two historical figures whom Nietzsche holds primarily responsible for the death of Attic Tragedy.

Back 61

Euripedes and Socrates

Front 62

Name the three types of history that Nietzsche finds useful for life.

Back 62

Monumental, Antiquarian, and Critical

Front 63

Nietzsche believes that this philosopher’s influence has led to the belief that we moderns are “latercomers of the ages.”

Back 63

Goethe*

Front 64

According to Nietzsche, this type of person always “cheers and refreshes.”

Back 64

A philosophical writer of parodies*

Front 65

Nietzsche describes this as “the child of every man’s self-knowledge and dissatisfaction with himself.”

Back 65

Culture

Front 66

According to Nietzsche, this is related to wisdom as virtue is related to holiness.

Back 66

Ignorance*