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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Reichstag
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The imperial parliament of Germany. Chosen by universal male suffrage in direct elections with secret ballots, so even discriminated groups could be elected to Reichstag. Chancellor was not responsible to the Reichstag, but Bismarck would manipulate it for certain gains, e.g. to increase the size of the army to unite Germany.
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Kulturkamfp
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Bismarck's attack on the German Catholic minority through seizing church property, imprisoning clergy, and using military force on Catholic protesters. Catholic Center party formed as a result and won seats in Reichstag. The policy didn't suppress Catholicism; it undermined Catholic Germans' sense of belonging to the nation and was eventually halted.
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Anti-Socialist Laws
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Set of laws passed in Germany in 1878 that made it illegal for the Social Democratic Party to meet and publish newspapers. Renewed until 1890. Meant to curb the growing strength of the party but actually made it stronger, like Kulturkamfp, and didn't help Bismarck win over workers.
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Ausgleich
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Created the dual monarchy, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1867. United via an emperor who appointed ministers to be shared by both. Also had "delegations" w/members from each country. Example of a nationality in the empire that reached autonomy--but every other nationality then wanted autonomy too.
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Magyarization
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Policy in Hungary to destroy the national identity of minorities and transform them into Hungarians. Forced the Hungarian language in state-supported schools and state services. Alienated the other nationalities.
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Zemstvo
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Small, rural, local governments in Russia created to replace the nobility's rule after serfs were emancipated. Built roads, schools, etc.; tried to improve farming and healthcare. Limits were put upon them by the central state. Zemstvo leaders would help in the liberal movement in 1890s.
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"Going to the People"
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A movement of Russian populist students in which they went and lived among the peasantry, educating them and spreading propaganda for an eventual revolution of the masses. They didn't see much success and were repressed, leading them to take more radical measures later on (culminating in the assassination of Alexander II).
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People's Will
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The party borne out of populism in Russia; its supporters believed in the use of terror and conspiracy to bring about change. Attempted to kill Alexander II many times until they finally succeeded in 1881. Death of the tsar actually led to more repression from Alexander's successor, Alexander III.
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Black Repartition
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Revolutionary populist organization in early 1880s. Were against terror and conspiracy and preferred propaganda. The other side of the People's Will. Developed ties with students, workers.
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Benjamin Disraeli
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British prime minister who worked to make Conservative Party appeal to city and country people. Engineered the second Reform Bill, giving the vote to householders in boroughs.
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Reform Bill of 1867
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Gave vote to householders in the boroughs but neglected men in rural areas who did not own land. Also omitted women, launching women's suffrage movement. The elections based on this suffrage brought liberal leadership to Parliament and more social reform.
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Fabian Society
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Moderate socialists who were members of the British Labour party. Favored government programs for housing, welfare benefits, and higher wages through small, peaceful steps in parliament. Helped Labour win more sears in House of Commons, thus allowing more legislation for workers to be passed.
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Russification
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The process of assimilating non-Russians into the empire by not only promoting Russian language and Russian Orthodox faith, but also clinging to the standard political elements of Russia, such as autocratic rule and rigid social order. As with Magyarization, it would serve to alienate different cultures.
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Positivism
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August Comte's term for the third stage in humanity's history, in which humans are aware that history and society have laws like science has laws. Humans could use this to their advantage to change things. Attractive and comforting to people because it included diverse beliefs and formed a bridge between science and religion. Found its way into politics re: colonial intervention.
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/On The Origin of Species/
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Publication by Charles Darwin that put forth the idea of evolution through natural selection--survival of the fittest. While groundbreaking, many interpreted this as a challenge to Christianity and it caused a controversy. Also prompted people to adapt this theory to different races, justifying the colonization and cruel treatment of races perceived as "less developed/civilized."
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Emile Zola
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French novelist who illustrated the impact of the scientific revolution on society in a realistic way. Sought to arrive at laws of human development. Wrote Germinal, 1885. Also published a letter during the Dreyfus Affair accusing the military of sacrificing innocent man to save army just because he was a Jew.
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Paris Salon
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Annual official exhibition of paintings in Paris; paintings were hung from floor to ceiling and Salon supported traditional painting styles. Their rejection of Impressionist works prompted impressionists to hold their own exhibitions and made people more interested in impressionism.
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Claude Monet
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One of the founding artists of impressionism, whose painting "Impression: Sunrise" inspired the label "impressionism." Influential in the acceptance of new forms of art in society.
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Berthe Morisot
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Member of the impressionists; the only woman to exhibit in the first Impressionist exhibition. Painted lots of her daily experiences, including her daughter; her paintings reflect the position of women in 19th century.
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Herbert Spencer
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A proponent of social Darwinism in the late 19th century. Believed that prosperous individuals were those who were best adapted to "the conditions of their existence." Would be used to justify lack of resources for the poor and those in colonies.
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Sir Francis Galton
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Cousin of Charles Darwin and pioneer in eugenics (improving genetic traits by having those w/good traits reproduce more and those withe less-good reproduce less). Lots of people including Churchill, would support him. Again, justification for poor treatment of people with "lesser traits."
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Eugenics
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The belief/practice of improving genetic traits by having those with good traits reproduce more, and those with bad traits reproduce less. Based partially on Darwin's work. Justified poor treatment of individuals.
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Mental Deficiency Act
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An act passed by British Parliament in 1913 that made provisions for institutional treatment of the "idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, and moral imbeciles." Meant to "breed the working class until they were cattle;" however, most members of parliament voted in favor of it.
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Great Trek
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The migration of Boers in Cape Colony, South Africa away from British control during 1830s and 1840s imperialism. Incentive was more land. Led to founding of Orange Free State and Transvaal region after some fighting. Fought in Boer War against Britain.
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Boer War
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British settlers were settling in the Transvaal region and Boers didn't want them there. Britain refused to negotiate and the war started in 1899. Though most of Europe supported the Boers, British won. Led to the first concentration camps under Britain and let to union of South Africa, and sour feelings let to apartheid later on.
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Jameson Raid
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Invasion of the Transvaal by British settlers in 1895. Uitlanders were beaten, but Boer resistance to them hardened as a a result, eventually culminating in the Boers offering an ultimatum to the British govt. Britain rejected it, beginning the Boer War.
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Luis Daguerre
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Invented the daguerreotype photographic process where images were formed onto metal plates. Embodied human progress in art and science but also embodied the way in which there can be realistic representation, but also a doubt about to what extent realistic representation exists.
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Fyodor Dostoevsky
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Wrote literature that was Romantic and had social criticism. Crime and Punishment. An attack on intellectual systems and a showcase of the complexity of humanity and why compassion/spirituality is needed. Captured previously unexplored elements of modern life. Made people question how realistic some works can possibly be.
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Opium War
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Britain was making profit off of opium production and trade in India. There was Chinese demand for opium but the Chinese govt cracked down on it; they were almost to the point of eradicating it all together when Britain used military force in what would be named the Opium Wars. Chinese lost; Britain and some other European countries had certain ports in and influence over China as a result. Chinese disliked this.
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Treaty of Saigon
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Treaty with France in which Vietnam ceded some provinces and land to the French. France could open ports there and missionary activity was allowed; eventually France wanted enough control over Vietnam to get into China via Red River. Both France and China claimed sovereignty over Vietnamese territory.
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Dreyfus Affair
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A scandal in which the army accused Alfred Dreyfus of selling military secrets to the Germans. The country was divided into Dreyfus supporters and opponents; Dreyfus was innocent and his opponents (military, church, Anti-Semites) were punished for their support, especially Catholic Church, via more separation from the state. Made people disillusioned about military and monarchists, while socialists and republicans benefited. Also was indicative of the problem of Antisemitism in Europe.
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Theodor Herzl
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A Hungarian Jew in Paris working as a journalist who originated the Jewish nationalist movement, Zionism. Called for an independent Jewish homeland in the Holy Lands. Drew lots of followers and was indicative of the problem of Antisemitism.
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Peter Stolypin
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Russian conservative minister of the interior. Aimed to stem peasant unrest by creating a class of market-oriented smallholding landowners. Also actively worked to put down terrorists and revolutionaries and tried to interfere with elections to Second Duma. Assassinated 1911.
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Congress of Berlin
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Meeting of European Great Powers and Ottoman Empire to determine the reorganization of The Balkans after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Basically prevented Russia from getting too large. Austria could occupy Bosnia-Herzegovina and Bulgaria had to give Macedonia back. Further damaged Russia's relationship w/Austria and Bos-Herz situation was unstable.
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Berlin Conference
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Meeting held by Britain, France, Germany, and Portugal to make rulings on Belgian "explorations" in Africa. Created the Congo Free State with King Leopold at its head and made Congo Basin a free trade zone, basically opening up the way for exploitation of Africa. Also developed rules to partition Africa; a country would have to establish intention to provide welfare for the area before claiming territory.
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Young Turks
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Group of reformers who had ambitions to revive Ottoman Empire. Their actions threatened Russian and Austrian ambitions in the Balkans (Russia and Austria agreed to support one another, but then stopped when Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina). The events in response hardened relations between the countries, leading to more severe responses when Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.
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Triple Alliance
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The military alliance of Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary from 1882 until the start of WWI. Engineered by Bismarck. This would influence who supported whom in WWI.
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Triple Entente
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The alliance of Britain, France, and Russia that counter-balanced the Triple Alliance. All entered into WWI as allies and basically helped ignite WWI.
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October Manifesto
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Issued by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905; promised full civil rights, a constitution, and elections by universal male suffrage to the Duma (legislative assembly). Meant to satiate revolutionaries. Duma didn't run as it should, angering Russian people and reviving labor activism and radicalism.
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Bolsheviks
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A faction of the Russian Social Democratic party that was more radical (than the Mensheviks) and rejected alliances with other parties. Lenin was a prominent one. Would assist in aspects of the 1905 revolution and would ultimately become Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
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Balkan Wars
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Conflicts that took place in 1912 and 1913. Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, was defeated in the second war. The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe. Austria-Hungary was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. A prelude to WWI.
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Gavrilo Princip
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Assassin of Franz Ferdinand in 1914. Connected to a militant Serbian nationalist group. This assassination kicked off WWI.
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Sarajevo
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Capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Site of the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand that sparked WWI.
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Black Hand
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Militant Serbian nationalist group that Gavrilo Princip had ties to, perhaps contributing to the assassination he performed. Started WWI.
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"Blank Check"
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Germany's full support of Austria-Hungary immediately before the beginning of WWI in July 1914. Austria intended to provoke a war with Serbia but then Russia might get involved on Serbia's side. Germany offered to Austria full support no matter what happened. Of course this influenced Austria to take more risks than they otherwise may have.
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