19. Under What Two Circumstances Is One Said To Intend The Results Of His Acts?

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19. Under what two circumstances is one said to intend the results of his acts?

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1. DESIRE: When he desires the result regardless of the likelihood it will come about, and
2. KNOWLEDGE: When he knows the result is substantially certain to occur, regardless of his desire to bring it about.

NOTE:
The modern approach is to distinguish between a state of mind focused on one's objectives (desire) and knowledge. For example, the Model Penal Code distinguishes between "purpose" and "knowlede". Modern statutes, however, are not consistnet in the terminology used; for example, some statutes use the word "intent" to mean "purpose."

Related Issue:
Courts formerly employed the maxim that one is presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his acts; as a result of Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979), this much-used maxim may not be used as a mandatory presumption since that would improperly shift the burden of proof on the issue of "intent."