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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pulmonary circuit
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Pulmonary truck carries
oxygenated blood to lungs. it is returned via pulmonary veins |
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Systemic circuit |
aorta and other arteries carry oxygenated blood to the body.
comes back via vena cave veins. |
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Parietal pericardium
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outside of heart serous inner simple squamous epithelium layer fibrous outer layer |
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pericardial cavity |
contains pericardial fluid |
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visceral pericardium other name? |
epicardium |
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visceral pericardium |
outer serous simple squamous epithelium Loose areolar connective tissue adipose tissue. |
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myocardium |
cardiac muscle tissue. + fibrous skeleton of collagen and elastin fibers |
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Functions of the myocardium fibrous skeleton |
structural support. anchors myocytes electrical insulation and direction. (support, myocytes, electrical) |
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endocardium |
simple squamous epithelium |
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what separates the chambers and what are they covered with |
sulci superficially covered by adipose and coronary vessels. |
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pectinate muscles |
ridges in the atria that allow it to expand. |
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atria |
receive blood and pump it to ventricles. thin. |
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ventricles |
pump blood out of heart. bottom. |
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left ventricle |
thicker then right ventricle because it has to pump blood allover the body. |
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trabeculae carneae |
ridges in the ventricles
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atrioventricular valve |
prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria. open when pressure of ventricles is less then pressure in atrium (when atriums fill up) |
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right atrioventricular valve. |
tricuspid valve because it has a lot of pressure coming from the body. (vena cavas) |
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left atrioventricular valve |
bicuspid or mitral valve only has two because it receives blood from the lungs (pulmonary veins) |
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tendinous cords/chordae tendinae |
prevent valvular prolapse of atrioventricular valves. (disfunction = backflow + edema) |
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Papillary muscles |
brace the tendinous cords in the AV valves. |
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Semilunar valves. |
are between ventricles and aorta/pulmonary trunk. open when ventricles are contracting. closed when pressure of ventriles is less than pressure in arteries. |
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R semilunar valve |
pulmonary semilunar valve. prevents backflow from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle. |
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L semilunar valve. |
aortic semilunar valves prevents backflow from aorta into L ventricle. |
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Blood flow through the chambers. |
starts from superior and inferior vena cava.
right atrium -> right tricuspid AV valve. right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk lungs pulmonary veins left atrium -> left bicuspid (mitral) valve left ventricle -> left Aortic semilunar valve. Aorta - Body |
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heart accounts for body weight? how much blood does it receive? |
0.5% of body weight receive 5% of blood. |
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Arteries in the heart. |
Left and right coronary artery. |
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Left coronary artery branches into. |
Anterior interventricular A and Circumflex A |
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Anterior interventricular artery supplies comes form |
supplies : anterior ventricles. comes from: left coronary artery. |
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Circumflex A branches to |
left marginal Artery. |
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Left marginal artery supplies came from? |
supplies : left atrium and posterior L ventricle
came from : circumflex and left coronary artery |
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Right coronary artery supplies |
R marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery |
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R marginal artery supplies came from |
Supplies : R atrium and posterior right ventricle. came from right coronary artery |
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posterior interventricular artery supplies came from |
supplies posterior ventricles came from right coronary arteries. |
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explain the interventricular Heart arteries in simple form |
Both start with Coronary arteries. Left does anterior interventricular artery which supplies left ventricles. right does posterior interventricular artery which does posterior ventricles. Left is Anterior (front) interventricular + ventricle Right posterior (back) interventricular + ventricle. |
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Explain the left and Right Marginal arteries. |
Both start with Coronary arteries. Left has a circumflex first, right doesnt. both supply atrium of same side, also posterior ventricle of same side. |
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MI |
Myocardial infarction - heart attack. death of myocardium due to ischemia |
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angina pectoris |
Pain from transient (short) ischemia early indicator of impending MI. |
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Anastomoses |
Overlap in blood supply also called collateral circulation |
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What is the function of anastomoses |
If blockage occurs, allows a second route which reduces the risk of blockage |
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Two venous drainage vessels. |
Great cardiac Vein (beside interventricular A) post interventricular vein |
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Great cardiac vein drains into |
anterior heart. |
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posterior interventricular vein drains into |
posterior hear. |
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where do both venous drainages end up? |
anterior/posterior heart. coronary sinus Right Atrium |
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SB1 SIRF what is it? |
Structure of cardiac muscle cells acronym |
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SB1 ISRF actual |
Striated Branched 1 nucleus per cell. Intercalated discs. sarcoplasmic reticulum (store CA) but can get from ECF!! Fibrosis only repair. |
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Inter Mehcollect what is this? |
Intercalated disks acronym |
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Inter Mehcollect actual |
Interdigitating folds mechanical junctions electrical junctions |
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Interdigitating folds |
folded plasma membrane |
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mechanical junctions |
fascia adherens and desmosomes. |
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electrical junctions |
gap junctions |
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GMS FOL What is it. |
Cardiac muscle highly resistant to fatigue acronym |
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GMS FOL actual |
Glycogen storage, where glucose comes from. Mitochondria A LOT Stores oxygen as Myoglobin Fuels, variety, Fatty acid + gluc + others O2 deficiency vulnerability. Little anaerobic respiration - less lactate accumulation |
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Myoglobin |
Stores oxygen. when your tissues, heart use oxygen, they run out of oxygen and can get some from this. |
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Cardiac conduction system function |
Elelectrical wiring of the heart that coordinate cardiocyte contraction |
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cariac conduction sytem Structure. |
Specialized myocytes that are noncontractile and autorhythmic; Ie. depolarize spontaneously. |
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Myocyte |
muscle cells. can be specialized. |
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Purkinje Fibers. |
Specialized fibers in heart that send nerve signals to the cells in the ventricles of the heart and cause them to contract to pump blood to the lungs or the rest of the body. |
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Sa node. |
Sinatrial node. (pacemaker) |
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Cardiac conduction system Route. |
Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) thru both atria. -> atrioventrical (av) node (signal pauses) -> AV bundle -> R and L bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> around ventricular myocardium such that the heart contracts from the bottom upwards. |
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Heart BPM without nervous system |
100 bpm |
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What happens at the atrioventricular node? |
Signal pauses. |
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Sympathetic nervous system supply to the heart origin. |
nerves originate from the lower cervical, upper thoracic region |
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Parasympathetic nervous system supply to the heart origin. |
Input to hear via Right and Left vagus nerve. |
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Sympathetic nervous system cardiac nerve input to these locations |
Myocytes SA and AV node Coronary Blood vessels. |
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Sympathetic nervous system cardiac nerve input to Myocyte function |
Increase contraction strength.(sympathetic) |
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Sympathetic nervous system cardiac nerve input to Sa and Av node function |
Increase HR (sympathetic) |
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Sympathetic nervous system cardiac nerve input to Coronary blood vessels function |
Regulates blood flow of heart. (sympathetic) |
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Parasympathetic Right vagus nerve innervates |
SA node (parasympathetic) |
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Parasympathetic left vagus nerve innervates this |
AV node (parasympathetic) |
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Baseline stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system is called |
Vagal tone brings resting heart rate to 75 BPM |
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Systole (noun) |
Contraction of the ventricles |
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Diastole (noun) |
Relaxation of the ventricles. |
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Sinus rhythm Full |
pacemaker rhythm 75 bpm resting HR Initiated by SA node. modified by parasympathetic nervous system. |
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Nodal rhythm info |
40-50 bpm |
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Nodal rhythm control |
Occurs when AV node takes over Sa node. |
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Nodal rhythm Full |
40-50 bpm occurs when AV node take over SA node. |
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Strong midgets cardios were rated nodes above the rest. their vessel flow had to be regulated what is this? |
Sympathetic nervous system nerves to the heart phrase |
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Strong midgets cardios were rated nodes above the rest. their vessel flow had to be Explain |
Cardiac nerves to myocytes increase contraction strength cardiac nerves to SA & AV node increase HR input to Coronary blood vessels regulates flow of the heart. |
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Sinus Rhythm Info |
pacemaker rhythm 75 bpm resting HR |
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Sinus Rhythm Control |
Initiated by SA node. modified by parasympathetic nervous system. |
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SNECA What is this? |
Cardiac Rhythms acronym |
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SNECA Names |
Sinus rhythm Nodal rhythm Ectopic focus Arrhythmia |
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Ectopic focus info |
20-40 bpm may be due electrolyte imbalance, hypoxia, drugs. |
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Ectopic focus Full |
20-40 bpm may be due electrolyte imbalance, hypoxia, drugs. occurs when another part of conduction system thats not SA or AV node control HR. Is insufficient to maintain life. requires artificial pacemaker |
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Ectopic focus control |
another part of the conduction system that is not the SA or AV node control HR. |
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SA AV node function. |
Control HR |
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Artifical pacemaker |
required to maintain life if your heart is in ectopic focus (20-40 bpm) |
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Arrythmia definition |
abnormal rhythm |
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Arrythmia cause |
may be due to heart block (damage to conduction system) |
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Atrial Fibrillation |
death and must be shocked back to sinus rhythm. contains little waves between beats. |
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SA node cells do not have this |
Stable resting membrane potential. (what about it) |
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Pacemaker potential in the SA node cells is due to scientific steps. |
Slow Na inflow - MP goes from -60MV -> -40MV At -40mV: fast Ca2+ channels open -> trigger AP at 0 mV: K channels open -> repolarize cell |
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Pacemaker potential in the sa node basic. |
slow sodium inflow brings membrane potential from -60mV to -40mV where calcium channels open and an Action potential is triggered. at 0mV potassium channels open and repolarize the cell. |
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Pacemaker potential impulse conduction to myocardium steps full. |
1. Sa node fires, Atria contract 2. signal travels to AV node where its delayed while ventricles fill. 3. signal spread to adjacent myocardium(slow) and down AV bundle and bundle branches (very quick) to purkinje fibers. 4. all ventricular myocytes contract, starting with myocytes at the apex of the heart. |
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Pacemaker potential impulse conduction to myocardium step 1 |
SA node fires, Atria contract. |
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Pacemaker potential impulse conduction to myocardium step 2 |
Signal goes to AV node where its delayed while ventricles fill |
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Pacemaker potential impulse conduction to myocardium step 3 |
Signal spreads to adjacent myocardium (slowly) and down av bundle and bundle branches (very quickly) to purkinje fibers. |
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Pacemaker potential impulse conduction to myocardium step 4 |
All ventricular myocytes contract, starting with myocytes at the apex of the heart. |
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Cardiac conduction system electrical signal route starting place |
Sinoatrial (sa) node (pacemaker) through both atria |
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Cardiac conduction system electrical signal route after SA node through both atria. |
Atrioventricular (AV) node (signal pauses) |
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Cardiac conduction system electrical signal route after AV node signal pauses. |
AV bundle |
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Cardiac conduction system electrical signal route after AV bundle |
Right and left bundle branches. (very quickly) |
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Cardiac conduction system electrical signal route after right and left bundle branches. |
purkinje fibers. |
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Cardiac conduction system electrical signal route after Purkinje fibers. |
Around ventricular myocardium such that the heart contracts from the bottom(apex) upwards. |
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Action potential in a myocyte steps full. |
Start at -96mV 1. Na channels open -> depolarization (action potential trigger) (rapid) Peaks at almost 30mV 2. Na close, Ca channels open, cause Ca to leave SR (long depolarizatio) Ca closes (at around 0mv) 3. K channels open shoot out rapidly, repolarization occurs. happens at about 0mV and 200ms |
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Action potential in a myocyte starting mV? peak mV? Calcium closes mV? |
-96mV almost 30 mV around 0 mV |
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Muscle tension is unlike a skeletal muscle in this way |
long lasting vs twitch. |
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Action potential in a myocyte time? |
200 ms. |
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Action potential in a myocyte heart contraction plateau time? heart back to normal time? |
200 ms 300 ms |
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Action potential in a myocyte step 1 |
1. Starts at -.96 mV Na channels open(RAPID) depolarization (action potential trigger) Peaks at almost 30mV |
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Action potential in a myocyte step 2 |
2. Na close, Ca channels open, cause Ca to leave SR (long, steady depolarization) Ca closes (at around 0mV) |
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Action potential in a myocyte step 3 |
3. K channels open and shoot out rapidly, repolarization occurs happens at about 0mV and 200ms |
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Electrocardiogram |
Record of all electrical activity of the heart. |
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PQRST |
waves of parts of the heart. |
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P wave |
Atrial depolarization first up and down bump |
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QRS complex |
Ventricular depolarization. Atrial repolarization (hidden) |
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T wave |
Ventricular repolarization. |
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Atria Contracting (PQRST wave) |
Top of P wave until start of Q wave |
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Ventricle Contracting (PQRST wave) |
Top of R wave until just before top of T wave |
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Nodal rhythm (PQRST wave) |
Sa node is not functional so p wave is missing on EKG |
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Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) (PQRST wave) |
Extra beat, looks like the wave goes down far at the qrs complex. |
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Ventricular fibrillilation (PQRST wave) |
Requires immediate intervention. looks like up and down randomly. |
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Cardiac cycle |
One complete cycle of contraction/relaxation of all 4 chambers. both contract then relax. |
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Unit of measure of pressure |
mm of mercury mm Hg |
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How fluid flows |
from high pressure to low pressure. |
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S1 sound is |
closure of Atrioventricular valves heard just before peak of R. |
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S2 sound is |
closure of semilunar valves. heard half way down t wave. |
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S3 may be hear in |
children and adolescents ECG |
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cardiac cycle starts |
Semilunar valves have just closed (S2) and AV valves just opened |
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VIVI what is this |
phases of the cardiac cycle acronym |
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VIVI actual |
Ventricular Filling Isovolumetric contraction Ventricular Ejection Isovolumetric relaxation. |
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Cardiac filling phase 1 + QRST wave |
Ventricular filling. essentially filling the ventricle up. until AV valves close. End of T until top of R. |
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Ventricular filling states |
1 Rapid filling 2 diastasis 3 atrial systole |
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Rapid filling (cardiac cycle) (PQRST complex) |
end of T wave(end of S2) until diastasis.(end of S3) first stage of ventricular filling of the cardiac cycle |
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Diastasis (cardiac cycle) (PQRST complex) |
End of rapid filling(end of S3) until top of P wave (atrial systole) second stage of ventricular filling of the cardiac cycle |
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Atrial Systole (cardiac cycle) (PQRST complex) |
top of P wave until top of R wave. final stage of ventricular filling. |
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Ventricular filling ESV (end systolic volume) |
60mL (how much was left over after it contracted) |
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Ventricular filling EDV (end diastolic volume) |
60ml End systolic volume + 30ml passively added + 40ml from atrial systole = 130mL |
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Cardiac filling phase 2 |
Isovolumetric contraction Comes after Ventricular filling. ventricles contract, pressure builds, AV valves close and you hear S1 sound, no blood leaves |
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Isovolumetric contraction
(PQRST Wave) |
Top of R wave (S1) until end of S wave. |
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Cardiac filling phase 3 |
Ventricles continue to contract until pressure in ventricles is greater then pressure in arteries so Semilunar valves open. |
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Ventricular ejection (PQRST Wave) |
End of s wave until just past top of t wave. can still hear s1 |
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Ventricular ejection formulas |
Stroke volume and ejection fraction
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Stroke volume |
amount ejected out of ventricle during ventricular ejection |
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ejection fraction |
Stroke volume(how much ejected) divided by End diastolic volume (how much was here. |
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If there was 130ml in the ventricles, and they ejected 70ml. what are we calculating and what is it? |
Ejection fraction = 70/130 = 54% |
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Cardiac filling phase 4 |
isovolumetric relaxation ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles is less than pressure in arteries so semilunar valves close (S2) |
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isovolumetric relaxation
(PQRST Wave) |
Near end of T until end up T. S2 heard |
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Left and right ventricle stroke volume |
these are equal to each other. |
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L heart failure |
edema in the lungs (more common) |
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R heart failure |
edema in the body. |
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Cardiac output |
amount of blood ejected from each ventricle/minute. |
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cardiac output formula |
Heart rate x Stroke volume |
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Maximum Cardiac output |
220 - your age = BPM |
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Values for CO at rest |
75 bpm x 70 ml = 5250 ml/min. |
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cardiac reserve |
difference between maximum and resting CO. |
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Heart rate pulse is measured here |
radial and common carotid arteries. |
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resting hr in infants females males |
120 bpm 75 bpm 70 bpm |
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tachycardia |
persistent hr > 100 bpm. |
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causes tachycardia |
stress, anxiety, stimulants. |
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Blood loss might do this |
Tachycardia light, fast pulse from a decrease in SV. |
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bradycardia |
persistent hr < 60. |
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bradycardia due to |
hypothermia, sleep, athletes. |
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well condition hearts might get this |
bradycardia as SV is greater. |
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Chronotopes |
things that effect heart rate |
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stress, coffee |
postive chronotropes |
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meditating, drugs |
negative chronotropes. |
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Homeostatic mechanisms that control heart rate sensors control centers effectors |
sensors : proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors. control centers : cardioaccelatory (sympathetic ouput) + cardio inhibitory centers in the medulla (parasympathetic output) Effectors: heart, sa node, or muscle. heart is big one. |
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Proprioceptors |
sense your muscle and joints moving tell your heart that you are moving/ exercising |
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proprioceptors are here
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muscle spindle, lamellar corpusce (nerve ending in skin) golgi tendon organ. |
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baroreceptors are here |
located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch |
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baroreceptors do this |
pressure sensors (blood pressure) if bp decrease, these send signal to increase HR via cardio stimulation center. |
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Chemoreceptors are here |
in carotid bodies in carotid arteries and aortic arch, medulla |
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Chemoreceptors do this |
pH sensors. |
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Chemoreceptors formula |
CO2 + H2O <-CAH-> H2CO3 <-> H + HCO3 |
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Chemoreceptors does what during exercise |
Increase in CO2 means increase in H so pH goes down so hR goes up via cardio stimulation center. |
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Cardioaccelatory center is here it stimulates this. |
Medulla output to sympathetic nervous system |
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Cardioinhibitory center is here it stimulates this. |
Medulla output to parasympathetic nervous system |
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Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors are what? |
sensors. |
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cardioaccelatory and cardioinhibitory are this |
control centers. |
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Heart, sa node, muscle are this |
effectors. |
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EPI and NE increase HR via this |
cAMP |
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K and CA imbalance |
these can lead to arrythmia |
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caffeine, nicotine, epi, NE are this |
positive chronotropes. |
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three things that effect stroke volume
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Preload Contractility afterload. |
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preload |
amount of tension in the ventricle before contraction. |
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preload varies with |
venous return |
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if more blood returns to heart this happens |
larger the volume of blood in the heart. |
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exercise does what to preload |
increases it by increasing SV and CO |
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Frank starling law of the heart states this |
SV varies with end diastolic volume the more blood enters the heart, the more blood leaves. |
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contractility
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force of contraction for a given preload. |
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increase contractility does this to SV and CO |
increase SV so increase CO |
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Contractility is changed by |
ionotropes |
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positive ionotropes |
increase contractility such as calcium |
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these decrease contractility |
negative ionotrope |
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athletic hearts have this type of contractility |
higher contractility |
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Afterload |
blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk that opposes the opening of those valves. resistance the heart has to overcome in order to push blood out of the left ventricle. |
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an increase in in afterload does this to stroke volume and cardiac output |
decreases stroke volume and cardiac output |
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this happens to afterload if arterial circulation is impeded |
increased afterload. |
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on a graph, what happens to stroke volume as afterload increases |
it decreases. |
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exercise stimulus receptor control center effector |
stimulus: muscle contraction receptor: proprioceptor (were moving) control center: cardio stimulating center(medulla) effector: sa node, which results in increase hr. |
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hypertrophy |
increase in volume of an organ. |
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a bigger heart does this |
(hypertrophy) which increases stroke volume and CO |
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a stronger heart does this |
increase contractility so increase CO |
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SAID principle |
your body will adapt to stress you put on it. |
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sv and contractility are bigger rest, this must be done to constant CO
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decrease resting HR. |
