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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Life |
1) Cells and organization 2) Energy use and metabolism 3) Response to environmental change 4) Regulation and homeostasis 5) Growth and Development 6) Reproduction 7) Biological Evolution |
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Biological Organization |
1) Atoms 2) Molecules & Macromolecules 3) Cells 4) Tissues 5) Organs 6) Organism 7) Population 8) Community 9) Ecosystem 10) Biosphere |
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Hermology |
fundamentally similar bone in different organism from the same ancestor |
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Vertical Evolution |
-changes over time through lineage -organisms gain features from ancestors |
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Horizontal Evolution (Transfer) |
Antibiotic transfer sharing info across lineage *Humans have horizontal transfer |
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3 Domains |
-Bacteria -Archae -Eukaryotes |
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Bacteria & Archae |
-Prokaryotic (lack nucleus)
-single cell |
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Eukaryotes |
Multi Cellular |
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4 Kingdoms |
-Protists -Plants -Animals -Fungi |
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Plants and Fungi have... |
cell wall, chloroplasts, photosynthesis |
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Genotype vs Proteomes |
Genotype- entire genetic composition Proteomes- rance of different proteins that can be expressed/produced from Genome *Defines characteristics of cell |
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Science? |
Science- Philosophy that we can make observations and do experiments to obtain knowledge Scientific knowledge = learning about Scientific Inquiry- experimenting ideas |
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Ecology |
-population: one species -community: multiple species -ecosystem: all different species in environment |
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Science is the.......of natural phenomena |
1) Observation 2) Identification 3) Experimental Investigation 4) Theoretical Explination |
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2 General approaches to a scientific discipline |
1) Hypothesis Testing: set up experiment with different controls and test hypothesis 2) Discovery Based Science |
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Hypothesis vs. Theory |
Hypothesis = best guess Theory = more of a conclusion supported by experimentation (gravity, cell theory, evolution) |
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2 key attributes of a theory |
1) Consistency with a vast amount of known data, observations, experimentation, laws, principles, and facts 2) Ability to make many corrupt predictions *Can never be absolutely proven |
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Chapter 2 |
Chapter 2 |
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Elements |
4 most common = Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (make up 96% of living organisms) -pure substance -92 naturally occurring |
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Atoms |
-smallest functional units of matter -3 subatomic particles (have no net charge) |
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Subatomic Particles |
-Proton (positive charge) -Electron (negative charge) -neutron (neutral) |
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s vs p orbitals |
-s orbitals are spherical -p orbitals are propeller or dumbbell shaped *each orbital can hold only 2 electrons |
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active valence electrons |
# up to 8 that are missing -nitrogen = 3 |
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Protons |
# distinguishes one element from another -atomic number -same number as electrons |
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Atomic # vs Atomic Mass |
Atomic # = # or protons and electrons Atomic Mass = # of protons and neutrons |
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Oranization of Periodic Table |
Rows: how many shells are full Columns: how many in outer shell |
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electronegativity |
increase up and accross |
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mole |
the atomic mass for an element (molecule) in grams 1 mole = 6.0223 x 10^23 grams (Avagadros #) |
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Isotope |
atom with the same # of protons but different number of neutrons |
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C14 vs C13 |
C14 = carbon dating C13 = stable isotope (tracer) |
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Bonds |
-8 valence electrons can be in the outer shell - # missing is # of covalent bonds generally can make |
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3 Type Bonds |
Covalent -polar -non polar Hydrogen Ionic |
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Covalent Bonds |
atoms share a pare of electrons -strongest chemical bonds |
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Polar vs Nonpolar Covalent Bonds |
-Polar = hydrophilic -Nonpolar = hydrophobic |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
partial positive and negative bonding forming with an element of the same state -hydrogen atom from one polar molecule attracted to an electronegative atom |
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Ionic Bond |
Gained or lost one or more electrons to form a full positive and negative charge -cation (+) -anion (-) |
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Chemical Reactions |
Occurs when one or more substances are changed into other substances -bidirectional -catalyst used to decrease activation energy |
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Properties of Water |
-amphipathic -high specific heat -high heat vaporization -boiling point goes up as melting point goes up |
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Water on Acids and Bases |
pure water has the ability to ionize to a very small extent into hydrogen ions (H+) and Hydroxide ions (OH-) |
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Acids |
-release hydrogen ions in solution -increase pH |
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Bases |
-accept protons -increase pH -some release OH- others bind H+ |
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pH |
-negative log base 10 1-6 = acidic 7 = neutral 8-14 = basic (alkaline) |
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pH can effect... |
-shapes and functions of molecules -rates of many chemical reactions -ability of two molecules to bind to each other -ability of ions or molecules to dissolve in water |
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Buffers
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compounds that stabilize pH based on a release of H+ or addition/subtraction of protons to keep it relatively constant -maintain constant pH |
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Chapter 3 |
Chapter 3 |
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Organic Molecules |
comprised of carbon and hydrogen backbones -can produce different bonds -regions with only carbon and hydrogen bonds are always non polar covalent bonds (fatty acids) |
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Structural vs. Stereo Iosmers
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-Structural: different bonding arrangements -Stereo: same bond order with different special arrangements -cis= double bond different sides -trans= mirror image (cross pattern) |
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Macromolecules |
Condensation (dehydration) reaction -links monomers to form polymers Hydrolysis -polymers broken down into monomers |
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4 Major groups of organic Macromolecules |
-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic Acids *basically built from sugars |
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Carbohydrates |
simplest type of biomolecule -carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
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Glucose |
structural isomer -alpha (cellulose and starch) below ring on C1 -beta (cellulose) above ring on C1 -store energy in plants |
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Glycosidic Bonds |
form by condensation of dehydration syntheses, can be broken by glycolysis |
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monosaccharide, di, poly |
mono-1monomer di-2 monomers poly-3 monomers |
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Lipids |
nonpolar hydrophobic (no dissolve in water) -waxes -fats: produced by C-C-C chain -dehydration synthesis to condensation |
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Saturated |
No double bonds -bad for you (animal fats) -produce trans fats |
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Unsaturated |
double bonds |
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Function of Triglycerides |
Phospholipids -amphopathis |
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Proteins |
all enzymes are proteins -catalysts that drive all metabolic reactions -carries out a particular function |
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Cholesterol |
synthesizes hormones |
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Rubisco |
most abundant protein on Earth |
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Polypeptides |
formed from amino acids from monomers -determined by genes |
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5 factors promoting protein folding and stability |
1) Hydrogen Bonds 2) Ionic Bonds/ other polar interactions 3) Hydrophobic effects 4) Van des Waals forces 5) Disulfide Bridges |
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Structures |
1) Primary: genes 2) Secondary: H bonds 3) Tertiary: 4) Quaternary: no disulfides |
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Nucleic Acids |
Responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information 2 classes -DNA -RNA |
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DNA |
2 strands- double helix -single form |
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RNA |
single strand -several forms |
