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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Federalist Era |
Following ratification of Const. Fed majority immediately set about to draft legislation that would fill in the gaps left by the convention and to erect the structure of a strong central government
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Federalists
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Favored Constitution. Led by Alex Hamilton, favored strong central government and interpreted the Constitution as having vested extensive powers in the fed govt
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Judiciary Act of 1789 |
Supreme Court with 6 justices, power to rule on the constit. Validity of state laws. Direct district courts also established to serve as courts of original jurisdiction, three courts of appeal also provided.
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State, Treasury & War departments under Washington
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Thomas Jeff, Alex Ham, Henry Knox. Edmund Randolph was attorney general
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Hamilton's Report on Public Credit
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Funding natl debt at face value, fed assumption of state debts, establihsment of national bank. |
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Hamilton's Report on Manufactures
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Extensive program for fed stimulation of industrial development, through subsidies and tax incentives. Excise tax on distillers and from tariffs on imports.
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Thomas Jefferson and Republicans |
Any action not specifically permitted in Constitution was thereby prohibited. Strict interpretation. Republicans opposed establishment of Hamilton's national bank.
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Sources of Partisan Support for Federalists and Republicans
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Federalists: business and financial groups in commercial centers of NE and in the port cities of the South. Strength of Republicans in rural and frontier areas of S and W.
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Proclamation of Neutrality
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1792 - Washington's response to revolutionary France's war with other European powers
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Jay's Treaty with Britain
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1794 - John Jay with British, attempt to curtail Britain's seizure of American merchant ships and the focing of their crews into service with Brit navy. And curtail Englsih agitation of their Indian allies on the western borders.
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Treaty with Spain
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1795 - Thomas Pinckney invited to Spanish court to strengthen what Madrid thought was a deteriorating position on American frontier. Spanish opened Mississippi to American traffic. Right of deposit in New Orleans. 31st parallel as northern boundary of FL.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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1794 - Terroization of federal excise tax collectors on whiskey by a group of PA farmers. In response: Washington sent a federal militia force of 15k men and the rebellion evaporated.
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New states under Washington
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Vermont 1791, Kentucky 1792, Tennesee 1796
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Election of 1796
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Federalist: John Adams, Republican: Thomas Jefferson. TJ won 2 highest number of electoral votes and became VP.
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Adams as President
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Adams was a brilliant lawyer and statesman but too dogmatic and uncompromising to be an effective politician. Very frustrating and unproductive term in office.
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XYZ Affair
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1798 - 3 man delegation from US sent to France was to persuade the French to stop harassing American shipping. Were solicited and they refused a bribe by three unnamed subordinates of French Minister Talleyrand.
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Quasi War
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1798-99 - Uproar (from XYZ) moved Adams to suspend all trade with French and US ship captains were authorized to attack and capture armed French vessels. Congress created navy.
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Alien Act
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1798 - new obstacles for immigrants trying to obtain citizenship. 14 years to become citizen |
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Sedition Act
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1798 - Widened John Adams' admin to muzzle newspaper critics. Aimed at actual or potential Republican opposition. Editors jailed for printing critical editorials.
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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1798 - Repub leaders thought Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional but there was no process of deciding constitutionality of fed laws yet. "Compact theory" which would empower states to nulligy fed laws within those states. Only those 2 states adopted, so nullification controversy didn't go anywhere until 1830s
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Election of 1801
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Republican ticket: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, Federalists: John Adams and Charles Pinckney. Republicans won handily, but both received same number of electoral so House of Rep had to choose Pres. After deadlock, Alex Ham supported TJ so urr took VP. Caused tension b/w Ham and Burr.
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Judiciary Act of 1801
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Federalist Congress passed law that allowed President Adams, at the end of his term, to fill vacancies with party supporters. Led to appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Guaranteed continuation of Fed pollicies from high court.
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Jefferson's Vision of America
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TJ and republicans envisioned independent farmers, under central govt with min of control and served to just protect individual liberties from Constitution. No urban blight from Europe, Enlightenment rationalism. This was a mirage and the nation became more industrialized and urban which needed a stronger hand from pres.
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Jefferson's Cabinet
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James Madison as Secretary of State and Albert Gallatin as Treasurer. Agreed with his political philosophy.
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Marbury vs Madison
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1801 - Brought by Marbury who was promised a job but Jefferson refused. Ruled by John Marshall said ccannot rule on the case and ruled earlier Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. Established judicial review.
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Jefferson and Laws/Taxes
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Alien and Sedition Act immediately suspended, men convicted under those laws released. Fed Bureaucrazy was reduced and expenses drastically cut. Army reduced and expansion of navy canceled. Excise taxes repealed and federal income limited to land sale proceeds and customs duties. Fed land sale was liberalized. 12th Amendment adopted.
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12th Amendment
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1804 - Tie vote b/w candidates of same party could not again cause confusion of Jefferson-Burr
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Louisiana Purchase
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1803 - Napoleon's offer to sell LA including New Orleans to US for $15MM. Accepted in 1803.
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Lewis and Clark
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1804 - Before LA Purchase. To explore Western territory to Pacific. 48 men, left St.Louis. Returned 2 years later with scientific, anthropological info. Strengthened the US' claim to Oregon territory.
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Essex Junto
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1804 - Seccessionist movement by NE Federalists. Saw Western expansion as threat to Union position. Courted Aaron Burr's support by backing him in a bid for governorship of NY.
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Burr Conspiracy
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Lost election for NY governorship to Hamilton's opposition. Challenged Hamilton to a duel, Ham died and Aaron Burr became a fugitive. Then became invovled in a scheme to take Mexico from Spain to establish new nation.
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Barbary War
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1801-1805 - intermittent war, gave US free access to Mediterranean. Initiated by Jefferson bc of naval force to break North Am. Muslim rulers' practice of exacting tribute from Western merchant ships.
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Napoleonic Wars
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Conflicts continued in Europe (France under Nap and Britain) both sides tried to prevent trade with their enemies neutral powers, especially US
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Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
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1807- British ship HMS Leopard stopped the USS Chesapeak off VA coast and four alleged British deserters were taken off ship
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Embargo of 1807
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1807 - TJ's response after Chesapeake Leopard Affair. Drafted law prohibiting American ships from leaving port for any foreign destination. Avoided contact with vessels of the Eur powers lef by Brits or French.
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Election of 1808
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Republican: James Madison won over Federalist Charles Pinckney, but Feds gained seats in both houses of Congree.
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War of 1812
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1812 - bw US and Britain and colonists in Canada and Indian allies. American outrage over impressment of US sailors by Brit seizure and Brit aid to Indians attacking the Americans in western frontier. War strengthened American nationalism and encouraged growth of industry.
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Treaty of Ghent
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1814 - ended the European wars and provided for the acceptance of the status quo at the beginning of hostilities; thus, both sides restored their wartime conquests to the other.
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Hartford Convention
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1814 - Feds from NE states met in Hartford, CT and drafted a set of resolutions suggesting nullification and even secession. If thir interests were not protected against the growing influence of the S and W.
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Era of Good Feelings
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1817-1825 - Monroe's presidency; national purpose and desire for unity among Americans after Napoleonic Wars. Collapse of Fed party.
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Protective Tariff
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1816 - the first protective tariff in US history. Passed to slow the flood of cheap British manufactures into the country
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Rush-Bagot Treaty
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1817 - bw Britain and US to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes and the first disarmament agrement of the US, which is still in effect.
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Jackson's Florida Invasion
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1817 - prompted by Indian troubles in newly acquired western FL. Invasion by Andrew Jackson, acting under dubious authority, of Spanish East FL and the hanging of 2 Brit subjects whom he suspected of selling guns and supplies to Indians.
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Adams Onis Treaty
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1819 - Spanish surrendered all claims to FL territory and drew boundary with Mexico all the way to Pacific Ocean. The US agreed to assume $5MM In debts owed to American merchants.
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Monroe Doctine
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1823 - Annual message to Congress by Monroe that American hemisphere was "henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers"
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Monroe Presidency
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1817-1823 - Last of the "Virginia Dynasty", handpicked by retiring Madison. Elected by only one electoral vote opposed, symbol of national unity.
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Depression of 1819
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1819 - British inventories of their goods built up during war, so they dumped products on American market at cut-rate prices. American manufacturers suffered bc of influx of imports. Most severe in West
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McCulloch v Maryland
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1819 - MD tyied to levy a tax on Baltimore brank of US Bank to protect state banks. Marshall's ruling declared no state has the right to control a federal agency.
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Gibbons v Ogden
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1824 - NY granted Ogden a steamboat monopoly be NY and NJ. Gibbons obtained Congressional permit for steamboats in same water. Ogden sued to maintain monopoly. NY courts ruled in his favor. Then appealed to SC. John Marshall ruled that commerce included navigation and that only Congress has right to regulate commerce among states. thus, the state granted monopoly was void.
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Missouri Compromise
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1820 - proposed by House Speaker Henry Clay. Broke deadlock be the even number of slave holding and free states about admitting Missouri (slavery well established) Maine established as a free state. Missouri as slave. Slavery prohibited in remainder of LA territory, north of the southern boundary of Missouri.
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Cotton Kingdom
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Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas. Eli Whitney and Cotton Gin
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Fishing
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NE and Chesapeake.Fishing very profitable. Deep sea whaling significant from Mass/RI ports.
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Lumbering
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Expanding population created need for building materials and timber remained profitable export item. Shipbuilding thrived in Eastern seaboard and Gulf Coast ports.
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Fur Trade
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John Jacob Astor and others opened up business all the way to the NW coast. Mountain men deep in Rocky Mountain ranges in search of beavers
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Transportation Revolution of first half of 19th Century
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River traffic, road building
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Transpo Revolution - River Traffic
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1807 and 1811 - Steamboats built by Robert Fulton (Clermont and New Orleans). Transformed river transport., Regular steam service established on all major river systems.
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Transpo Revolution - Road Building
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1818 - National road, built with fed funds linking Potomac to Ohio River. Privately owned toll road. Formed a nucleus for a growing road system in the new nation.
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Transpo Revolution - Canal Era
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1825 - Erie Cancal linked Hudson River at Albany NY with Lake Erie. Then rush of construction until canals linked every major waterway system east of Mississippi. First projects to receive large amounts of public funding.
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Rise of NY City
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1830 - America's largest city by then. Transport hub with innovations in business practices. Packet boat (guaranteed schedule to rationalize commerce, both internal and international). NY dominated domestic market for cotton, progressively reduced the South to the status of economic colony.
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Rise of Factory System
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1813 - First cotton manufacturing plant in Boston. Expanded markets in Latin America, Far East and domestically. Needed organized banks, insurance companies and real estate firms
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Lowell System
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popular method of staffing NE factories during industrialization. Young women hired from surrounding countryside, brought to mill towns, housed in dorms and paid low wages for hard work under poor conditions.
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Second Great Awakening
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Reaction to trend toward rationalism, decline in church membership, lack of piety. Began in 1801 at Cane Ridge Kentucky. Reform movements of 1830s to 40s |
