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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many zoonotic diseases are known?
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> 200
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Percent of emerging diseases that are zoonotic?
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75%
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How many of the emerging pathogens have wildlife origins?
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71%
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Of the emerging diseases, what is the most common pathogen type?
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Viruses
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Define agriculture associated diseases
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Any disease related to the agri-food chain
- From production by seller to preparation by consumer |
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4 types of agriculture associated diseases
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- Zoonoses and emerging infectious diseases
- Food associated diseases - Water associated diseases - Occupational diseases and drug resistance |
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What are diseases directly related to in poor countries?
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Agriculture
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What is a Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
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Sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of productive life lost due disability
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7 of the most common DALYs
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- Echinococcis
- Rabies - Sleeping sickness - Leishmaniasis - Cysticercosis - Brucellosis - Leptospirosis |
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Poor people are more likely to contract diseases and least likely to seek help for disease.
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Impact on poor people is worse too due to physical health of workers and animals being source of income
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Zoonoses account for at least X% of total disease burden in least developed countries
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7%
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Two basic premises of reservoir mechanisms
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- Agent and environmental factors influence the entire mechanism
- Mechanism is necessary for the continued transmission of pathogens |
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5 factors of reservoir mechanisms
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- Reservoir
- Portal of exit - Mode of transfer - Portal of entry - Susceptible host |
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Reservoir
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Site where an etiologic agent propagates and is responsible for pathogens survival
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Source
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Object, item, or place where the pathogen was when it entered by way of portal of entry
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Anthropozoonoses
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Reservoir species are lower vertebrate animal species
- Animal --> Human transmission |
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Zooanthroponoses
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Humans are reservoirs
- Human --> animal transmission |
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Reservoir is either human or animal
- Human <--> animal |
Amphixenoses
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Xenozonoses
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Disease transmitted after transplantation of an animal organ
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Example of a zoonoses spread from humans to animals
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Human -- H1N1 --> Cats
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Example of a amphixenoses
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Human <-- Plague --> Cats
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Example of an anthropozoonoses
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Bat -- Rabies --> Human
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Carriers
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Individuals who aren't showing clinical signs when they are shedding pathogens
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Three main pillars of prevention
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- Surveillance and bio-security
- Stamping out and disinfection - Vaccination |
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Three types of influenza virus
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- A
- B - C |
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Two surface antigens of influenza virus
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- H (hemaglutinin)
- N (neuraminidase) |
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Current strain of avian influenza
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H5N1
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Current strain of swine influenza
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H1N1
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Primary methods of how H5N1 reaches Europe (4)
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- Poultry production methods (*)
- Virus eco-epidemiology - Human behavior - Migrating birds |
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4 driving forces promoting the increased numbers of epidemics in 21st century
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- Accelerated globing trading and tourism
- Speed of transportation - Exposure to new pathogens through ecosystem disruption - Intensification and monoculture farming |
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How long is a dog, cat, or ferret observed for rabies signs?
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10 days
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How long are 'other species' observed for rabies?
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30 days
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How long are 'low-risk species' observed for rabies signs?
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Depends on LRCA
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How long are 'high-risk species' observed for rabies signs?
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Immediately destroyed and tested
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How should you store the head for rabies inspection?
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Refrigerate
- Don't freeze |
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Definition of an emerging zoonosis
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A disease that is newly recognized or is newly evolved, or shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographic host or vector range
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An emerging zoonosis is not necessarily a new disease, but rather one that has changed genetically so as to appear new to the human immune system
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An emerging zoonosis is not necessarily a new disease, but rather one that has changed genetically so as to appear new to the human immune system
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Four emerging zoonoses
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- SARS
- Monkey Pox - Nipah Encephalitis - Hendra |
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First known case of SARS
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- Guangdong, China, 2002
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Common symptom of SARS
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Fever > 100.4
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Spread of SARS (2)
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- Inhalation
- Fomites |
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What do you use to treat SARS?
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No evidence of any drugs working against SARS
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4 methods of controlling an outbreak
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- Frequent temperature monitoring for early detection
- Early case identification/isolation of patients - Home quarantine of contacts of infected patient - Incoming and outgoing travelers from SARS affected areas |
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Pathogen of Monkeypox
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Orthopoxvirus
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Transmission of Monkeypox (3)
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- Bites
- Inhalation - DC |
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When was smallpox eradicated?
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1980
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Importance of Monkeypox
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Potential bioweapon
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Treatment of Monkeypox
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Supportive care
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Control of Monkeypox (5)
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- Vaccination
- Infection control - Embargo - Euthanasia of animals - Quarantine (6 weeks) |
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What is a natural reservoir of orthopox (monkeypox)?
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Small rodents
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Agent of Nipah virus
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Henipavirus
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What does Nipah virus produce in humans?
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Severe, rapidly progressive encephalitis
- High mortality rate |
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What animal is Nipah virus closely associated with?
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Pigs
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What does Nipah virus produce in pigs?
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Severe respiratory disease
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Where did Nipah virus first appear?
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Malaysia
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Reservoir of Nipah virus
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Fruit bats (flying foxes)
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3 sources of Nipah virus
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- Urine of fruit bats
- Partially eaten fruit - Contaminated fruit-juice |
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Transmission of Nipah virus
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In pigs: DC, contact with bodily fluids, inhalation
No person-to-person transmission No direct bat-to-human transmission |
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Case fatality ratio of first Nipah virus outbreak
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40%
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Incubation period of Nipah virus
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3 - 14 days
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5 symptoms of Nipah virus in humans
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- Fever
- Encephalitis - Respiratory difficulties - Hypertension - Tachycardia |
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Three primary complications associated with Nipah virus
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- Septicemia (24%)
- GI Bleeding (5%) - Renal impairment (4%) |
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Treatment of Nipah virus (2)
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- Supportive
- Ribavirin |
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Characteristic symptom of Nipah virus in pigs
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Harsh, barking cough
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Which animal is Nipah virus contagious in?
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Pigs
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Four animals Nipah virus affects
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- Pigs
- Horses - Dogs - Cats |
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5 diseases that Nipah virus is similar to
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- Swine fever
- PRRS (arterivirus) - Pseudorabies - Swine enzootic pneumonia - Porcine pleuropneumonia |
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Prevention of Nipah virus
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- Avoid all contact with potentially infected pigs
- Immediately contact state authorities |
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3 bodies to report Nipah virus to in Texas
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- State Veterinarian (TAHC)
- USDA-APHIS-VS Veterinarian in Charge for Texas - State public Health Veterinarian (DSHS) |
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Causative agent of Hendra virus
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Family: Paramyxoviridae
- Genus: Henipavirus |
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Baltimore classification of Hendra virus
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ssRNA
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4 other diseases included in family Paramyxoviridae
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- Mumps and measles
- Rinderpest - Human parainfluenza virus - Canine distemper virus |
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First recognized outbreak of Hendra virus
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Hendra, Australia, 1994
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3 new viruses carried by fruit bats
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- Hendra
- Nipah - Menangle |
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Transmission of Hendra virus in humans
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Direct contact with fluids from infected horses
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Transmission of Hendra virus
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Bat --> horse
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Incubation of Hendra virus in humans
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4 - 18 days
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6 symptoms of Hendra virus in humans
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- Meningoencephalitis
- Fever - Myalgia - Headaches - Vertigo - Pneumonitis |
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2 treatment methods of Hendra virus
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- Intensive support and care
- Ribavirin |
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Incubation of Hendra virus in Horses
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6 - 18 days
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5 early symptoms of Hendra virus in horses
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- Initial nasal discharge
- Depression - Pyrexia - Dyspnea - Tachycardia |
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Two naturally affected species of animals with Hendra virus
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- Horses
- Humans |
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6 late symptoms of hendra virus
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- Frothy nasal discharge
- Injected mucous cyanotic border - Dependent edema - Head pressing - Ataxia - Sudden death 1 - 3 days after onset |
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Two species that can be experimentally infected with Hendra virus
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- Cats
- Guinea pigs |
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What should you avoid handling in suspected Hendra virus cases? (3)
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- Tissues
- Blood - Urine |
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4 ways to prevent and control Hendra virus
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- Heat and chemical disinfection
- Autoclave or boil contaminated objects - 1% Sodium hypochlorite - NaDCC granules (Sodium dichloroisocyanurate) |
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Neglected zoonoses definition
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Diseases that share symptoms with other common diseases and thus are poorly reported
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What causes Chagas?
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?
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Triatoma bugs
- Kissing bugs, assassin bugs |
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Who discovered Chagas Disease?
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Carlos Chagos, 1911
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Where is Chagas endemic? (3)
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- Mexcio
- Central America - South America |
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5 states that Chagas is endemic in
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- TX
- LA - OK - SC - VA |
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5 methods of infection of Chagas
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- Rubbing bug into wound
- Mother-to-baby - Contaminated blood products - Organ transplants - Laboratory accidents |
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Which animal reservoir shows symptoms?
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Dogs
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Reservoirs of Chagas
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- Humans
- Dogs - Cats - Rodents and small critters |
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3 manifestations of acute Chagas
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- Acute
- Mild/asymptommatic - Severe inflammation of heart and brain |
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Pathognomonic sign of Chagas
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Romana's Sign
- Swelling eyelid |
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3 complications of chronic Chagas
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- Heart rhythym abnormalities
- Dilated heart - Dilated esophagus or colon |
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Dx of Chagas
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See Trypanosoma cruzi in blood smear
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Px of Chagas (2)
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- Improve living conditions
- Screen blood donations |
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Which part of south America has been certified free of vector-borne diseases?
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Southern Cone of South America
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What is used to treat Chagas?
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Benznidazole
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Two ways that canines are exposed to Chagas
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- Fecal inoculation
- Ingestion of bug or infected prey |
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6 symptoms of Chagas in dogs
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- CHF
- Diarrhea - Seizures - Swollen LN - Tachycardia - Depression |
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What's a potential source of infection to Chagas for vets?
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Blood samples from infected dogs
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What causes Q-fever?
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Coxiella burnetii
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Where was Q fever first found?
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Brisbane, Australia
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Who isolated Coxiella burnetii?
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Davis and Cox
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Where was Q-fever isolated?
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Nine Mile Creek, Montana
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Who named the organism responsible for Q-fever?
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Edward Derrick
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Who differentiated Coxiella burnetii from Rickettsia?
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Cox
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During what period of history was Q fever outbreaks common?
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WWII
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When and where was the first naturally acquired US case of Q fever?
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Montana, 1941
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Gram staining of Coxiella burnetii
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G-
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Atmospheric environment of Coxiella burnetii
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Obligate anaerobe
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Two phases of Coxiella burnetii
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- Phase I: natural phase in infected animals (highly infectious)
- Phase II: obtained only in labs (not very infections) |
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Two target cells of Coxiella burnetii
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- Monocytes
- Macrophages |
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Two forms of Coxiella burnetii in persistently infected host cells
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- SCV
- LCV |
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Characteristics of SCV (3)
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Small cell variant
- Metabolically inactive - EC form of organism - Phagolysosomal fusion leads to formation of LCV |
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Characteristics of LCV (3)
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Large cell variant
- Metabolically active - IC form - Differentiates into resistant spore-like form |
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What do the spore-like Coxiella burnetii forms develop into?
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SCVs
- Released from infected host by cell lysis |
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pH that Coxiella burnetii is enhanced at
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4.7 - 5.4
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What are SCVs and spore-like Coxiella burnetii forms resistant to? (4)
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- Dessication/heat
- pH variation - Chemicals/disinfectants - UV radiation |
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What protects Coxiella burnetii from immune response?
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LPS
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Temperature and time for pasteurization of milk against M. bovis
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142 F
30 min |
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Temperature and time for pasteurization of milk against C. burnetii
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145 F
30 min |
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Temperature and time for pasteurization of milk against C. burnetii using High Temp - Short Time method
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163 F
15 sec |
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Temperature and time for pasteurization of milk against M. bovis using High Temp - Short Time method
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161 F
15 sec |
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Three primary reservoirs of Coxiella burnetii infection in humans
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- Sheep (40%)
- Goats (16%) - Cattle (3%) |
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Four sources of Coxiella burnetii infection in humans from reservoirs
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- Urine
- Feces - Milk - Birth products |
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Two pets that may shed Coxiella burnetii
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- Cats
- Dogs |
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4 vectors of Coxiella burnetii
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- Ticks (multiplies in midgut)
- Chiggers - Lice - Fleas |
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Transmission of Coxiella burnetii (2)
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- Tick dependent cycle
- Tick independent cycle (inhalation, DC) |
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Where does Coxiella burnetii localize in tick independent cycle? (2)
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- Genital tract
- Udder |
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Transmission of Coxiella burnetii to dogs and cats (2)
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- Inhalation
- Ingestion |
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Transmission of Coxiella burnetii to humans (3)
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- Inhalation
- Ingestion - Person-to-person contact (rare) |
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What's the only country Coxiella burnetii hasn't been reported in?
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New Zealand
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When is Q fever most likely to occur in Europe?
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Spring - Early Summer
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Where has the most recent outbreak of Q fever occurred?
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Germany
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Where is Q fever a current problem?
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Netherlands
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Dx of Q fever (4)
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- Complement fixation
- Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) - ELISA - Microagglutination |
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Clinical signs of Q fever (3)
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- Infection in animals is subclinical
- Abortion - Lower birth weight |
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When can Q fever antibiotics be detected in humans?
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2 - 3 weeks post-exposure
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What is diagnostic of Q fever?
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Four-fold increase in antibody titers
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Which phase of Q fever has higher antibody levels?
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Phase II
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What's indicative of Q fever endocarditis? (2)
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- IgG
- IgA |
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Incubation period of Coxiella burnetii
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2 - 3 weeks
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Percentage of infected patients with Coxiella burnetii that show symptoms
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50%
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5 symptoms of Q Fever
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- High fever
- Severe headache - Sore throat - Vomiting - Diarrhea |
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How long do clinical symptoms of Q fever last generally?
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1 - 2 weeks
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Two primary clinical presentations of Q fever in humans
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- Atypical pneumonia (x-rays)
- Hepatitis (increased hepatic enzyme levels) |
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3 symptoms that can arise from hematogenous spread of Coxiella burnetii
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- Meningoencephalitis
- Myocarditis - Pericarditis Hematogenous spread is rare |
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What is chronic Q fever defined as?
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Infection that persists more than 6 months
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Where is chronic Q fever generally seen in?
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Patients who have previous cardiac valvulopathy
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Most common clinical manifestation of chronic Q fever in humans
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Endocarditis
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Mortality rate of chronic Q fever
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65%
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Tx of Q fever
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- Doxycycline (*)
- Quinolone |
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Tx of chronic Q fever endocarditis (3)
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- Doxycyclone + quinolones
- Doxycyclone + hydroxychloroquine - Surgical removal of damaged heart valves |
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What do you use to disinfect surfaces against Q fever?
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0.5% Hypochlorite
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Incubation period of rabies
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3 - 8 weeks
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4 infectious materials for rabies transmission
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- Saliva
- CNS tissue - CSF - Organ transplants |
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Two reasons to report when you've been bitten
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- It's the law
- It's the College's procedure |
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Three people at risk of transmission when bats are in the room
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- Sleeping person
- Unattended child - Mentally impaired/intoxicated person |
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Where does the rabies virus move after the brain?
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Salivary glands
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When is the rabies virus infectious?
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After it's moved to the salivary glands
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Three clinical signs of rabies
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- Behavior changes
- Unexplained paralysis - Death |
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Four late signs of rabies
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- Attacking horse/donkey/sheep/cat
- Self traumatizing horse - Self traumatizing goat - Hallucinating, aggressive dog |
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Ranking of Texas in total rabies cases, number of rabid wildlife, and number of rabid domestic animals.
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- 1st
- 1st - 3rd |
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Who do you report rabies exposure to?
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Animal control
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What's the law of pet owners and bitten animals?
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They must submit the animal for quarantine
- Class C Misdemeanor if refused - May need warrants |
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Two mandatory procedures for rabies quarantine/testing
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Mandatory 10 day rabies quarantine
- or - Euthanasia and rabies testing |
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Three classifications of test results that must be considered as positive for rabies
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- Decomposed
- Destroyed - Unsatisfactory |
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What does Rabies Rules Section 169.30 say?
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An animal that's not vaccinated against rabies and then exposed must:
- Be humanely destroyed -or- - Vaccinated immediately and 3 - 8 weeks later - Placed in home confinement for 90 days |
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Texas Department of State Health Services Zoonosis Control Branch phone number
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(512) 458 - 7111
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Region 7 Zoonosis Control Program phone number
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(254) 778 - 6744
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Who designates rabies control authority?
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Commissioners court of each county and the governing body of each municipality
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Three articles the local rabies control authority shall enforce
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- Rules that make up the minimal standards for rabies control
- Rules of the municipality or county that the local rabies control authority serves - Rules of Section 826.045 |
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Which classification of animals are exempt from quarantine? (2)
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- Police service animals
- Personal service animals at discretion of LRCA |
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Information required on a rabies vaccination certificate
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(1) custodian's name, address, and telephone number;
(2) animal identification-species, sex (including neutered if applicable), approximate age, size (pounds), predominant breed, and colors; (3) vaccine used-product name, manufacturer, and serial number; (4) date vaccinated; (5) revaccination due date; (6) rabies tag number if a tag is issued; (7) veterinarian's signature, signature stamp, or computerized signature, plus address and license number. |
