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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 viruses in Alpharetrovirus
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- Avian leukosis virus
- Avian sarcoma virus |
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Virus in Betaretrovirus
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Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus
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Other name for Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus
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Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
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Two viruses in Gammaretrovirus
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- Feline leukemia virus
- Feline sarcoma virus |
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Virus in Deltaretrovirus
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Bovine Leukemia Virus
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What kind of genome does Retroviridae have?
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Diploid genome
- 2 identical copies of ssRNA |
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Morphology and symmetry of Retroviridae
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Multilayered structure (capside, matrix, envelope with pelomers)
Helical symmetry |
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Type A retroviridae
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- Immature IC particles (capsids)
- Non-enveloped |
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Type B Retroviridae
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- EC particles with eccentric core
- Assemble via type A intermediate |
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Type C Retroviridae
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- EC particles with central core
- Assemble at cell membrane with crescent shaped nucleocapsid |
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Type D Retroviridae
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- EC particles with cylindrical core
- Assemble via type A intermediate |
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Lentivirus type of Retroviridae
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- Maturation of capsid after budding (cleavage and assembly of capsid proteins)
- Cone-shaped capsid in mature virion |
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What are rapidly transforming retroviruses associated with?
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Tumors
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What retrovirus cannot replicate on its own?
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Rapidly transforming retroviruses
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What region of the retrovirus induces viral expression?
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U3RU5
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3 forms of Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus
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- Exogenous, replication competent virus
- Replication-defective virus - Endogenous virus |
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3 pathological conditions of exogenous, replication competent form of Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus
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- Lymphoid necrosis
- Malignant transformation of bursal lymphocytes - Lymphoid tumors in bursa, liver, spleen |
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What form of Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus is the most common?
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Exogenous, replication-competent virus
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Two ways exogenous, replication competent form of Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus is transmitted
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- Horizontal
- Congenital |
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Which form of Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus transforms the fastest?
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Replication-defective virus
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2 pathologic conditions of replication defective Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus
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- Erythroblastosis
- Myeloblastosis |
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Which form of Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus has no pathologic change?
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Endogenous virus
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How is the endogenous form of Avian Leukosis/Sarcoma Virus transmitted?
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In the germline
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Primary pathogenic change of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus
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Neoplasms
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Section of body that Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus affects
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Cranioventral lung
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4 pathological changes of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus
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- Solitary or multiple nodules
- Frothy fluid in bronchioles - Neoplastic cells in air passages - Metastatic spread to local LNs |
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3 areas with high incidence of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus
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- Scotland
- South Africa - Peru |
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4 symptoms of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus
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- Moist rales
- Gradual loss of condition - Dyspnea - Mucoid nasal discharge Normal temp/appetitie |
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What age group of sheep does Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus affect?
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Mostly adult sheep
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How is Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus spread horizontally?
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Nasal discharge
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What's unique about the immune response in regards to Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus?
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It doesn't exist due to germline inclusion
- Eventually kills |
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Control of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus
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Culling
- No Tx, no Vax |
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What type of retrovirus is Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Virus considered?
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Lentivirus
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3 generic symptoms of Feline Leukemia Virus
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- Lymphosarcoma
- Immunosuppression - Anemia |
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What is low overall incidence rate (2-3%) of Feline Leukemia Virus in the US attributable to?
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Vaccination
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3 high risk groups for Feline Leukemia Virus
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- Multi-cat house holds
- Outdoor cats - Sick cats Increases risk to >= 13% |
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4 forms that Feline Leukemia Virus can take
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- Subgroup A
- Subgroup B - Subgroup C - Feline Sarcoma Virus (FeSV) |
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What is the only infectious subgroup of Feline Leukemia Virus?
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Subgroup A
- All cats will have Subgroup A |
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What does Subgroup A Feline Leukemia Virus cause?
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Hematopoietic neoplasia
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How does Subgroup B of Feline Leukemia Virus arise?
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Via recombination of env gene with endogenous FeLV
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Percentage of cats infected with Subgroup B of Feline Leukemia Virus
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50%
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What does Subgroup B of Feline Leukemia Virus infection cause?
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Higher frequency of Lymphosarcoma
- 30% |
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What does Subgroup C of Feline Leukemia Virus arise from?
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Mutation in env gene
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Prevalence of Subgroup C of Feline Leukemia Virus
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1% of infected cats
C+A or C+B+A |
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What does Subgroup C of Feline Leukemia Virus produce?
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Higher frequency of fatal non-regenerative anemia
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What does Feline Sarcoma Virus arise from?
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Recombination of FeLV with cellular oncogene to generate v-onc
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What does Feline Sarcoma Virus cause?
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Fibrosarcomas
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What type of retrovirus is Feline Sarcoma Virus?
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Replication defective, rapidly transforming
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Transmission of Feline Leukemia Virus (5)
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- DC
- Inhalation - Transplacental - Shared environment - Feces/urine |
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6 symptoms of Feline Leukemia Virus
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- Poor hair coat
- Bone marrow suppression - Lymphosarcoma (thymic lymphoma) - Fading kitten syndrome - Abortion / neonatal death - Weight and appetite loss |
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When is Feline Leukemia Virus infectious?
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When in the salivary gland
- Within days of exposure |
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Two Dx tests for Feline Leukemia Virus
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- Elisa (Any time)
- FA+ (only useful in chronically infected cases) |
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What two paths can a latent infection of Feline Leukemia Virus take?
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- Complete virus elemination
- Lifelong infection due to stress or immunsuppression occuring |
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Timeline of Feline Leukemia Virus
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Exposure -- days --> primary viremia ( --> recovery) -- 3 weeks --> secondary viremia ( --> latent infection) -- 3 - 13 weeks --> chronically infected cat
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How does secondary viremia attack of Feline Leukemia Virus cause a chronic infection?
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Attacks bone marrow
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When is a Feline Leukemia Virus infection consdiered persistent?
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> 16 weeks of infection
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3 ways to Dx Feline Leukemia Virus
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- Histopathology of tumors
- ELISA - Direct FA (of blood smears and bone marrow) |
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Px of Feline Leukemia Virus
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- Vaccination for cats at risk (after testing)
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What type of vaccine is preferred for Feline Leukemia Virus?
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Those lacking adjuvant due to vaccine-associated sarcomas
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How can Feline Sarcoma Virus (FeSV) be transmitted?
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Experimentally
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What do the tumors of FeSV contain? (2)
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FeLV and FeSV
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What disease does Bovine Leukemia Virus cause? (2)
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- Lymphosarcoma
- Enzootic bovine leukosis |
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What's the primary symptom of Bovine Leukemia Virus?
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Neoplasia of B cells and lymphoid tissue
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How is Bovine Leukemia Virus transmitted? (3)
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Transmission of lymphocytes in:
- Insects - Milk - In utero |
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4 main sites of infection of Bovine Leukemia Virus
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- Abomasum
- Heart - Uterus - Spinal canal |
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How many of cows in the US are seropositive for Bovine Leukemia Virus?
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30 - 40%
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How many of cows affected with Bovine Leukemia Virus develop tumors?
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<= 5%
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Which type of cow is Bovine Leukemia Virus less prevalent in?
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Beef cattle (~10%)
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2 methods of controlling Bovine Leukemia Virus
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- Test and slaughter
- Separation of seropositive cows |
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% of dairy herds infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus
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88%
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What age group infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus forms Enzootic Bovine Leukosis?
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Adult cattle (4 - 8 years)
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In regards to antibodies, what is Enzootic Bovine Leukosis?
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Seropositive
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3 primary symptoms associated with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
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- Persistent lymphocytosis
- Lymphosarcoma - Asymptomatic carriers |
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% of cows with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis that show persistent lymphocytosis
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30%
- Subclinical |
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% of cows with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis that develop lymphosarcoma
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< 5%
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Amount of cows with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis that are asymptomatic carriers
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Majority
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What age group of bovines infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus develop Sporadic Bovine Leukosis?
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Young cattle (< 2 years)
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In regards to antibodies, what is Sporadic Bovine Leukosis?
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Seronegative
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What is Sporadic Bovine Leukosis in regards to Bovine Leukemia virus?
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Unrelated to BLV
- No virus isolated - Noncontagious |
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Three forms of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis
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- Juvenile form
- Thymic form - Cutaneous form |
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What age group does the Juvenile form of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis affect?
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< 6 mo
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What age group does the Thymic form of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis affect?
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~ 1 year
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What age group does the Cutaneous form of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis affect?
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2 - 3 years
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2 symptoms caused by the Juvenile form of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis
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- LN enlargement
- Leukemia |
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Symptoms caused by the Thymic form of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis
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Large, cranial thoracic mass
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Symptoms caused by the Cutaneous form of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis
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Cutaneous plaques
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A seropositive cow with Enzootic bovine Leukosis is persistently infected
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A seropositive cow with Enzootic bovine Leukosis is persistently infected
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Three ways to Dx Bovine Leukemia Virus
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- Enlarged peripheral LN
- Abnormal lymphocyte count - Tumors identified via rectal exam |
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4 ways to control Bovine Leukemia Virus
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- Eradication via test and slaughter
- Separation of seropositive cows - Screening of all imports - Eradication programs in some countries and U.S. states |
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How is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus transmitted?
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Colostrum / milk
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Where does Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus replicate? (5)
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- Monocytes / MPs in lung
- CNS - Synovium - Mammary gland - Spleen |
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What is replication of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus linked to?
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Cell maturation
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What kind of response is produced to Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus?
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Strong CMI response with persistence of virus
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Two characteristic features of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus
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- Slowly progressive disease (months to years)
- Lymphocytic/lymphoproliferative inflammation |
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What causes inflammation in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus?
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Immune response to viral proteins
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Four symptoms associated with lymphoproliferative inflammation of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus
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- Myeloencephalitis
- Interstitial pneumonia - Arthritis - Mastitis |
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What age group does myeloencephalitis associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus affect?
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Young kids (2 - 6 mo)
- Often fatal |
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What age group does interstitial pneumonia associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus affect?
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Young kids (2 - 6 months)
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What age group does arthritis associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus affect?
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Adult goats
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What does arthritis associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus form in response to?
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Survival of nervous form or prior subclinical infection
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What age group does mastitis associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus affect?
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Adult goats
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3 methods of controling Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis virus
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- Isolation of kids at birth
- Bottle feeding with heat-treated colostrum and milk - Serologic screening and culling of infected goats |
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3 diseases that Visna/Maedia Virus causes
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- Maedi-visna
- Ovine progressive pneumonia - Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia |
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Primary symptom of Visna/Maedi virus
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Sporadic, slowly progressive, fatal disease of sheep
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Age range affected by Visna/Maedi virus
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> 4 years
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What does 'maedi' stand for?
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Shortness of breath
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What does 'visna' stand for?
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Wasting
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How is Visna/Maedi virus transmitted?
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Colostrum / milk
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Where does Visna/Maedi virus replicate? (4)
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- MC / MP of lung
- Mammary glands - Synovium - Brain |
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Immune response to Visna/Maedi virus
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Strong CMI response with persistence of virus
- Replication linked to cell maturation |
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5 clinical symptoms of Visna/Maedi virus
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- Progressive emaciation
- Dyspnea - Arthritis - Mastitis - Death |
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What symptom does Maedi virus alone cause?
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Interstitial pneumonia with lymphoid aggregates
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What symptom does Visna virus alone cause?
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Myeloencephalitis
- Rare |
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Two ways that Equine Infectious Anemia Virus is transmitted
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- Arthropods
- Non-sterile equipment |
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Two cell types Equine Infectious Anemia Virus infects
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- MC / MP
- Kupffer cells |
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Pathologic change caused by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus
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Immune complex deposition with destruction of RBCs
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Problem associated with frequent variation in membrane proteins of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus
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Recurrent disease episodes with viremia
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4 symptoms caused by acute Equine Infectious Anemia Virus disease
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- Anemia
- Thrombocytopenia - Edema - High fever |
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How long til death with acute Equine Infectious Anemia Virus disease?
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2 - 3 weeks
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6 symptoms of chronic form of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus
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- Petechial hemorrhages
- Abortion - Decreased fertility - CNS involvement/ataxia (rare) - Weight loss - Lethargy |
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Which form of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus is predominant?
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Chronic
- Most are inapparent carriers after 12 months |
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Dx of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus
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AGID
- Coggin's Test |
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Control of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (3)
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- Removal of seropositive horses or separation by > 200 yards
- Fly and insect control - Testing of all horses No vaccine |
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Incidence chance of contracting FIV in healthy cats
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<= 5%
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Incidence chance of contracting FIV in high risk cats
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< 24%
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Transmission of FIV
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Inoculation of virus in saliva or blood via bite wounds
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FIV has multiple subtypes (A - E) with a lack of cross protection
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FIV has multiple subtypes (A - E) with a lack of cross protection
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5 locations FIV replicates
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- CD4 cells
- MP - Megakaryocytes - Salivary gland epithelia - Astrocytes |
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Three phases of FIV
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- Acute
- Subclinical - Terminal |
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What occurs during the acute phase of FIV?
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Spread to lymphoid organs --> viremia
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What occurs during the subclinical phase of FIV?
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CD8 suppresses viremia
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What occurs during the terminal phase of FIV? (3)
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- Decrease in CD4 cells
- Decrease in CMI - 2ndary infections |
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5 clinical symptoms of FIV
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- Myeloproliferative disease
- Neurological abnormalities - Non-FeLV related lymphomas - Stomatitis - Emaciation |
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Dx of FIV (2)
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- ELISA
- Western blot |
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Amount of false positives of ELISA test for FIV
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<= 20%
- Requires a confirmatory test if positive |
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Confirmation test for FIV
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Western blot
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Control of FIV
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Killed vaccine available for subtypes A and D
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What is PrPc?
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Protease sensitive
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What is PrP8c?
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Protease resistent
- Aggregates into dense fibers |
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What does the presence of PrP8c cause?
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Conversion of normal PrPc to PrP8c
- Spongiform change in brain |
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4 things the PrP8c form is resistant to
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- Heat
- Chemicals - Radiation - Disinfection |
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Prion disease of sheep and goats
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Scrapie (OvPRPSc)
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What age range does Scrapie affect?
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> 3 years
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Incubation period of Scrapie
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1 - 5 years
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5 clinical symptoms of Scrapie
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- Loss of wool due to self-trauma
- Hyperesthesia - Rubbing - Dysmetria - Emaciation |
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3 histologic changes of Scrapie, CWD, and BSE
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- Microcavitation of neuropil
- Axonal degeneration - Intraneuronal vacuolation No immune response |
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2 species affected by MDePrPSc
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- Deer
- Elk |
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What is MDePrPSc?
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Chronic Wasting Disease
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Incubation period of Chronic Wasting Disease
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1.5 - 3 years
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Histologic changes of Chronic Wasting Disease (3)
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- Microcavitation of neuropil
- Axonal degeneration - Intraneuronal vacuolation No immune response |
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Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (2)
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- DC
- Environment |
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5 symptoms of Chronic Wasting Disease
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- Aspiration pneumonia due to difficulty with swallowing
- Emaciation - Rough coat - Staggering - Drooling |
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Where is Chronic Wasting Disease endemic? (8 states)
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- Wyoming
- NM - Wisconsin - Utah - Colorado - Nebraska - South Dakota - Maine |
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What is BovPrPSc?
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BSE
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Age range of cattle affected by BSE
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4 - 5 years
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Incubation period of BSE
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4 years
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Transmission of BSE to cattle
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Transmitted to cattle via feeding of sheep derived meat and bone meal
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Pathology of BSE (2)
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- Replication of Pyer's patches
- Spread to CNS via peripheral nerves |
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What does BSE cause in humans?
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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
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5 clinical symptoms of BSE
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- Decreased milk production
- Hyperesthesia - Weight loss - Ataxia - Paresis / recumbancy |
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Dx of BSE (3)
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- ELISA (TVMDL: TX, OK, AR, LA)
- Western blot (Ames, IA) - IHC (Ames IA) |
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Histologic changes of BSE
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Same as Scarpies and CWD
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