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90 Cards in this Set
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involves the process of isolation, manipulation and reintroduction of DNA into cells or model organisms in order to express a protein and reach desired effects |
Genetic Engineering |
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what is the purpose of genetic engineering? |
to create new physical and physiological characteristics |
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first genetically modified drug |
Insulin |
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when was the use of insulin approved? |
1982 |
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first genetically engineered vaccine for humans |
Vaccine for Hepatitis B |
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when was the vaccine for Hepatitis B approved? |
1986 |
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therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat diseases |
gene therapy |
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genetic engineering of humans |
gene therapy |
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any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques |
genetically modified organism (GMO) |
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#1 health concern over GM technology |
allergies |
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allergic rxns are typically brought on by |
proteins |
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nearly every transfer of genetic material results in the creation of |
novel proteins |
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genetic engineers rely heavily on this to guide experiment |
antibiotics |
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can be one consequence of overexpression |
cancer |
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signs and symptoms of genetic engineering |
-allergies -antibiotic resistance -unpredictability and the unknown |
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based on doubts about the technology, its potentiality, newness and applicability to all life forms |
extrinsic ethical concerns |
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based on how people view life, nature, religion, personal emotions and values |
intrinsic ethical concerns |
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interfering in God's domain or playing God |
intrinsic ethical concerns |
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where an organism is engineered to lack the activity of one or more genes |
loss of fxn/knockout experiment |
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genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative |
loss of fxn/knockout experiment |
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useful in discovering the fxn of a gene |
loss of fxn/knockout experiment |
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used in learning about a gene that has been sequenced, but which has an unknown or incomplete function |
loss of fxn/knockout experiment |
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logical counterpart of knockout experiment |
gain of fxn experiment |
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performed to more finely establish the fxn of a desired gene |
gain of fxn experiments |
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designed to increase the fxn of a gene by providing more copies of it or by introducing synthesis of the protein more frequently |
gain of fxn experiments |
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seek to gain info about the localization and interaction of the desired protein |
tracking experiments |
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done by replacing the wild-type gene w/ a 'fusion' gene |
tracking experiments |
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what does GFP stand for? |
green fluorescent protein |
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aim to discover where and when specific proteins are produced |
expression studies |
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the DNA sequence before the DNA that codes for a protein |
gene's promoter |
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the gene's promoter is reintroduced into an organism w/ the protein coding region replaced by a reporter gene (such as GFP) |
expression studies |
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altering the promoter to find w/c species are crucial for the proper expression of the gene and are actually bound by transcription factor proteins |
promoter bashing |
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diagnosis of a disease or condition in a fetus or embryo before it is born |
prenatal diagnosis |
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determination of the unborn child's sex |
prenatal diagnosis |
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examples of birth defects that prenatal diagnosis can detect |
-neural tube defects -chromosome abnormalities -genetic diseases -other conditions |
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purpose of prenatal diagnosis |
-to enable timely medical/surgical treatment of condition before/after birth -to give parents a chance to abort a fetus w/ a diagnosed condition -to give parents a chance to prepare for the baby w/ a health problem |
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one of the most common indications for prenatal diagnosis |
advanced maternal age
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an agent/factor that causes malformation of an embryo |
teratogens |
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ethical considerations of prenatal diagnosis |
-continue on or abort -eugenic abortions -questions of mentally/physically disabled people in society |
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when probes/needles are inserted into the placenta which can be slightly more risky to the unborn child |
invasive methods |
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invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis |
-chorionic villus sampling -amniocentesis -embroscopy & fetoscopy |
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getting samply of the chorionic villus and testing it |
chorionic villus sampling |
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done once enough amniotic fluid has developed to sample |
amniocentesis |
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involves putting a probe into a woman's uterus to observe with a video cam or to sample blood or tissue from the baby |
embroscopy & fetoscopy |
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"screens" evaluate risk of condition and isn't 100% sure if the fetus has a condition |
non-invasive methods |
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non-invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis |
-examination of the mother's uterus from outside of the body -ultrasound detection -listening to the fetal heartbeat using fetoscope or Doppler ultrasound fetal heart monitor -external fetal monitoring |
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dating scans; 7 wks to confirm pregnancy dates and look for twins |
ultrasound detection |
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18 wks for the checking of baby's sex and any abnormal development |
morphology scans |
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used to identify higher risks of Down's syndrome w/in 11-13 wks of pregnancy |
specialized nuchal scan |
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non-stress test |
external fetal monitoring |
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less invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis |
-first trimester maternal serum screening -second trimester maternal serum screening -integrated, sequential and contingent screening test -detection of fetal blood cells in maternal blood |
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can check lvls of alpha fetoprotein, B-hCG and estriol in the mother's serum |
second trimester maternal serum screening |
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can check lvls of free B-hCG and PAPP-A in the mother's serum and combine these w/ the measurement of nuchal translucency |
first trimester maternal serum screening |
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use serum samples from both first and second trimester as well as the nuchal translucency to calculate risks |
integrated, sequential and contingent screening test |
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means outside the body |
in vitro |
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means the sperm has attached and entered the egg |
fertilization |
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joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a lab dish |
in vitro fertilization |
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what follows in vitro fertilization? |
embryo transfer |
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ART |
assisted reproductive technology |
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GIFT |
gamete intrafallopian transfer |
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ZIFT |
zygote intrafallopian transfer |
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possible side fx of a woman taking fertility medicines |
-bloating -abdominal pain -mood swings -headaches -other side effects |
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risks of IVF |
-multiple births and premature delivery -ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) -miscarriage, birth defect and stress -egg retrieval procedure complication -ovarian cancer |
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caused by the use of injectable fertility (namely hCG) |
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome |
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cause the ovaries to become swollen and painful |
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome |
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signs and symptoms of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome |
-abdominal pain -vomiting -bloating -nausea -diarrhea |
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use of aspiring needle could cause bleeding, infxn or damage to the bowel, bladder or blood vessel |
egg retrieval procedure complication |
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IVF & Embryo Transfer Process |
1. Monitor and Stimulate the development of healthy eggs in the ovaries 2. Egg retrieval/collecting of eggs 3. Sperm retrieval/securing of sperm 4. Fertilization 5. Transfer embryos into uterus |
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treatment w/ synthetic hormones to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs |
induction ovulation |
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why are multiple eggs required during IVF? |
because some eggs won't fertilize after retrieval |
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how is the egg development monitored? |
blood/urine testing and using of ultrasound |
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what is done if ovaries aren't accessible through transvaginal procedure? |
abdominal surgery (laparoscopy) |
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how are eggs removed? |
suction device |
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how long until multiple eggs can be removed? |
about 20 mins |
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where are mature eggs placed? |
in a nutritive liquid then incubated |
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how is the sperm usually obtained? |
ejaculation |
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use of needle or surgical procedure to extract sperm |
testicular aspiration |
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done through injecting a single sperm directly to the mature egg to achieve fertilization |
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
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if fertilization is suspected to be low, what is done? |
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
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recommended for older woman or have had multiple failed IVF attempts |
assisted hatching |
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one way of eliminating the risk of genetic problem |
preimplantation genetic testing |
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allows embryo to be incubated for 5-6 days until they reach the stage where small sample can be removed and tested for specific genetic diagnosis |
preimplantation genetic testing |
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what guides the catheter? |
ultrasound |
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what is inserted in the vagina into the cervix into the uterus? |
catheter |
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what should be expected after the IVF & Embryo Transfer Process? |
bloating and cramping |
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what should be done before the IVF Cycle occurs? |
-ovarian reserve testing -semen analysis -practice (mock) embryo transfer -infectious disease screening |
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (estrogen) and antimullerian hormone in the woman's blood during the first few days of menstrual cycle to determine the quantity and quality of the eggs |
ovarian reserve testing |
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done by a doctor in the initial fertility evaluation or right before the IVF cycle |
semen analysis |
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to determine the depth of uterine cavity and the technique |
practice (mock) embryo transfer |
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couples are screened for infectious diseases including HIV |
infectious disease screening |
