157

Front 1

The Dramatic Fallacy

Back 1

Make money->mythical status->horror story->entertain (all change public perception of crime). What is real vs. fantasy

Front 2

Cops and Courts Fallacy

Back 2

Public expectation that cops should always be there to prevent crime or catch criminals in the act, courts are effective in deterring crime

Front 3

Not-From-Here Fallacy

Back 3

Judgement of criminality increases if the individual/group does not- come from around here and therefore look like me, sound like me, dress like me. Data says that like victimizes like (white offenders typically have white victims, same for black)

Front 4

The not-me fallacy

Back 4

Crime is generated by opportunities that we capitalize on, every individual has the capability- “not me”- the person who committed the crime is different from you, distance yourself from them

Front 5

Innocence of Youth Fallacy

Back 5

Built into the criminal justice system with how we deal with minors. Idea that youth is fundamentally pure. Young people are responsible for committing vast majority of crimes (highest age category is 15-25)

Front 6

Ingenuity Fallacy

Back 6

Assumption that criminal offenders require skill, are organized masterminds. Most crimes are actually very easy to commit

Front 7

organized crime fallacy

Back 7

Most crimes are committed by solo offenders, average number of offenders <2 across all ages. Younger means more common co-offending, emerges out of ‘play groups’. Most crimes require little organization, ‘hard targets’ few and far between, easy targets abound

Front 8

Welfare state policy

Back 8

Impact of increased social welfare on crimes. Weak relationship between social welfare and crime according to data. 2 opinions: that excessive social welfare causes crime or that insufficient social welfare causes crime

Front 9

Agenda Fallacy

Back 9

Most proposed solutions to crime a part of a larger agenda- political agendas (e.g. hobble the welfare state, make the rich pay)Moral agenda (follow a certain moral creed)Religious agenda (get faith)Social agenda (sexual promiscuity)Accept the broader agenda->crime reduced

Front 10

Whatever-You-Think Fallacy

Back 10

What constitutes a crime is subjective, each society and state manufactures crime according to their goals and agendas. There are NO universal process or patterns to crime

Front 11

mala in se

Back 11

murder, rape, robbery, assault, arson, burglary (mala in se is situational)

Front 12

mala prohibita

Back 12

drinking alcohol, premarital sex, women voting, women driving, internet hunting, chewing gum, shooting turtles (aite)

Front 13

violations of the law

Back 13

a behavior that breaks the law and leaves the offender liable to public prosecution and punishment

Front 14

assault

Back 14

unlawful attempt, coupled with present ability, to commit a violent injury on the person of another

Front 15

violations of moral codes

Back 15

a behavior that transgresses a moral prescription and leaves the offender liable to public condemnation, punishment, and/or ostracism

Front 16

violations of social norms

Back 16

a behavior that transgresses a unspoken social or cultural rule that leaves the offender liable to public gossip, ridicule, and/or ostracism

Front 17

antisocial behavior

Back 17

behavior that lacks consideration of others and may cause damage to society

Front 18

UNIVERSALISM vs RELATIVISM

Back 18

look up

Front 19

COLLECTIVE VS SPECIAL INTERESTS

Back 19

look up

Front 20

CODIFIED VS NORMS

Back 20

look up

Front 21

Pre-Enlightenment system

Back 21

crime had a supernatural origin, proof systems: two eye witnesses or one eye witness and confession, blood sanctions: death for major offenses, mutilation for minor

Front 22

Classical School

Back 22

Cesare Beccaria 1738-84. Targets of Judicial reform= unwritten laws, secret trials, trial by torture, gruesome punishments. Classical school thought that irrational and ineffective law leads to crime. Presumption of innocence, public/impartial trials, adherence to rules of evidence and procedure, equality before the law, equal punishment for equal crimes, due process (all rights of the individual must be respected)

Front 23

Classical Deterrence Theory

Back 23

Punishments can be structured such that rational people will evaluate costs of crime as outweighing the benefits (certainty, celerity, severity)

Front 24

Positivist School

Back 24

(emergence of the enlightenment/ scientific revolution)- scientific revolution, rejection of free will replaced with causal determinism Mechanistic rules about the way societies are structure- choice is an illusion and free will doesn't exist according to positivist, predestined to commit crime, punishments don’t work but instead we need to fix broken people/environments (ex. Rehab, juvenile justice, insanity, seek to fix person)Justice system remains largely classical school- people will rationally evaluate the right and wrong and consequences. Classical + positive- bounded free will, value pleasure over pain, bounded rationality, environments and people are partially constrained, people are variable in the pleasures they value and the pain they fear, people are often irrational.

Front 25

Principles of Beccaria’s approach

Back 25

utilitarian (greatest good for most people), social contract (relationships among free people regulated by laws not God, social harm prevention: purpose of law and punishment is to prevent harm to society

Front 26

offender centric

Back 26

Behavior +law-> crime incident-> offender-centric or event-centric (changes focus from person to the crime itself) Ex. drug deal- up until moment of exchanging money with drugs crime has not yet been committed, exact instant when it becomes criminal

Front 27

the criminal incident

Back 27

Crime events themselves are actually instantaneous instants/fraction of a secondIncidents are fractions of time but the aftermath can take years

Front 28

prelude

Back 28

(what happens before crime)- can take hrs/mins: search and find, weigh costs and benefits, commit, approach. None of these acts are illegal until incident because motives are not criminal. Crime sequence can be one-to-many (one motive leading to many outcomes ex. Get money leads to burglary, GTA, and robbery) or many-to-one (many motives lead to one outcome ex. Money, fun, revenge lead to burglary)

Front 29

aftermath

Back 29

outcome leakage- things happening after leak back into the perception of the criminal event, this is problematic because it can influence official data

Front 30

Legal and illegal intertwined

Back 30

Legal (majority of daily life, may be prelude to crime but not illegal) & illegal (minority daily life, may or not be prelude, illegal) intertwined

Front 31

crime data

Back 31

raw crime counts, crime rates reported at city, county, and state levels

Front 32

Official vs. unofficial data

Back 32

public crimes: police rarely present at the incident, police rely on public to report crime. Reasons for not reporting: attempted not completed, little loss or injury, sense of security intact, does not ‘seem’ serious, doesn’t involve firearm, social stigma, police couldn’t solve

Front 33

public and official crimes

Back 33

police rarely present at the incident, police rely on public to report the crime

Front 34

outside official channels

Back 34

e.g victimization surveys (National crime victimization survey). cons: memory, refusal, misinterpretation, please interviewer

Front 35

using crime data

Back 35

basic inference problem: proposition- no source of data complete, a fraction of crimes known to police, victimization surveys are samples, ethnographic data are local, consequence: there is a lot we do not know, approach: use known data to make inferences about unknown

Front 36

general causal model

Back 36

characteristics or conditions in non-criminal preludes are responsible for criminal incidents

Front 37

bio/biosocial theory

Back 37

criminality is rare, crime is about the actor NOT THE ACT (presence/absence of anatomical features, genes, hormones, chemicals)

Front 38

Italian school 'criminal anthropology'

Back 38

natural born criminals. Criminal atavism (criminal inclination is inherited), physical stigmata (stubby fingers, fleshy lips), empirical science of counting stigmata (presence of 5/18 stigmata explains criminal desire)

criminal types: born, insane criminals, by passion/occasional

Front 39

heritability of crime

Back 39

twin studies and adoption studies: outcome for child based on biological and adoptive parent criminality

Front 40

hormones and chemicals

Back 40

testosterone: aggression, serotonin: the "brakes", dopamine the "fuel"

Front 41

the medical model

Back 41

identification of the problem in individuals, prevent crime via intervention, treat individuals who have committed crime

Front 42

differential psychology

Back 42

crime is the product of "sick minds"

Front 43

cognitive psychology

Back 43

crime a product of the way the mind works

Front 44

mens rea= criminal intent vs

Back 44

actus reus= willful behavior violating the law

Front 45

psychological assumptions

Back 45

developmental and socialization processes Mental, moral, social, and sexual stages all lead to normal or abnormal outcomes which lead to crime or norm violations and anti-social behavior

Front 46

psychoanalytic model

Back 46

(Freud)- the id, ego, and superego (id and superego exist in subconscious) id is animal desires and desire to self-gratify that we are all born with, people are naturally prone to be selfish and the propensity to commit crime is a natural instinct, superego comes about through socialization and the desire to conform to social rules Three way the conceptual structure of the mind leads to crime- id dominant (human nature that is normative with a dominant id), superego dominant (overdeveloped superego represses the id which causes it to build up and burst forth potentially leading to crime) or (guilt from old transgression and to punish themselves they commit a crime again, seeking out punishment from subconscious guilt)

Front 47

trait-based psychology

Back 47

personality is the totality of behavioral and emotional traits, measurable or observable, largely innate, not deterministic creates potential under right circumstances

Front 48

mental illness and capacity

Back 48

medically recognized impaired cognition and perception of the world Schizophrenia- affects .04% of world population, 1.5-4.4% in prison populationsThe criminal justice system may be biased towards incriminating people with mental health disorders

Front 49

life-course theory

Back 49

outside influences on behavior, events +/- bonds with society, influence varies at different life-history stages, cumulative impact. If you have events that progressively lead to lessened bond with society the more likely to commit crime Life-course risk factors- events in context, poverty, poor child rearing, criminal parents, criminal peers, active in different degrees at different ages

Front 50

social learning theories

Back 50

crime is not innate nor developmentally determined but a product of social interactions. crime COMES FROM the environment

Front 51

classical conditioning

Back 51

Pavlov and Skinner: behavior learned through external stimuli, pairing a new stimulus with an unconditioned response via an unconditioned stimulus

Front 52

operant conditioning

Back 52

strengthening/weakening response with rewards/punishment

Front 53

differential association

Back 53

short hand for “differential association with criminal and anti-criminal behavioral patterns”. Socialization in one-to-one and group contexts- agents, content.

Front 54

Nine propositions distilled into 4

Back 54

Criminal behavior is learned via intimate social interactions

-Criminal behavior is learned if it is favored over non-criminal behavior in a social context

-Criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior and is therefore not categorically different

-Crime is not explained by general needs or general values

Front 55

control vs. strain

Back 55

strain: gain>lose

control: lose>gain in general strain theory starts with idea that person committing the crime has much more to gain than they have to lose, yet control theory starts with the idea that people with much more to lose than they have to gain

Front 56

control assumptions

Back 56

people are naturally amoral, the desire to commit crime is not natural crime= exercising rational self-interest, self-interest arises from hedonism people value pleasure over pain, capable of following rules when they serve self-interest

Front 57

SOCIAL CONTROL

Back 57

direct (if there are people/institutions/techs that are directly observing you it would prevent you from exercising self-interest) and indirect (people have internalized ideas of what is right and wrong in a social context and there is an internal debate over whether to engage in an activity/whether it would be appropriate in the social context) Hirschi (1969) social control- people are not socialized to crime, people are under-socialized to conform. Crime is not learned, controls are learned. Social bond-> attachment, commitment, involvement (the more you are actively involved the more you have direct instances of social control), belief (sense of right and wrong). Over the course of socialization these bonds are formed

Front 58

self-control

Back 58

awareness and fear of consequences leads to self control absence of self-control leads to reckless, immoral and illegal behavior. Markers of low self-control include impulsivity, adventure seeking, self-centeredness, easily-frustrated, lack of diligence

Front 59

policy implications

Back 59

parenting really matters (supervise, recognize, punish) courts and corrections do not- sanctions and rehabilitation

Front 60

victims vs. targets

Back 60

Use CRAVED/EVIL DONE- to characterize crime Legitimacy: choosing between two targets this may come into play Who makes a better victim? Thousands vs. a single, in many circumstances more victims matter more, the degree to which you can inflict damage matters

Front 61

craved/evil done

Back 61

craved= availability (overabundant/exposed/near)

Exposed Vitala Iconic Legitimacy

Damageable Overabundant Near Easy

Front 62

(POST MIDTERM MATERIAL BEGINS) behavioral settings

Back 62

locations used recurrently for particular sets of behaviors, behavioral settings are persistent and not one dimensional (one setting can lead to many behaviors or many settings can lead to one behavior

Front 63

environmental cues

Back 63

settings consist of many cues, cues favorable to crime, cues that are neutral. Fixed environmental differences increase likelihood offenders will repeatedly exploit criminal opportunity in some locations. setting leads to cue leads to behavior

Front 64

offender convergence settings

Back 64

cues favorable to prelude- allow informal unstructured activity, information sharing, insulate from interference in activities.

Front 65

incident settings

Back 65

cues favorable to crime: absence of effective supervision, absence of norm enforcement, suitable victims/targets. In general high and very low density provides great opportunity for crime but middle ground is not ideal

Front 66

CPTED

Back 66

Crime Prevention through environmental design to manipulate. and defensible space- specific design to see and be seen and to encourage willingness to intervene

Front 67

necessary conditions for crime

Back 67

motivated offender, suitable target or victim and the appropriate setting

Front 68

routine activity theory

Back 68

crimes can only be committed where motivated offenders encounter a suitable victim/target in the absence of effective security. people going about their normal/daily routines are sufficient enough to create the conditions for most crime

Front 69

Adolphe Quetlet

Back 69

1830's- mapped arrest stats-> wealthier areas had greater property crime, geographic differences persisted over years

Front 70

social organization

Back 70

institutions: school, churches, police, government, businesses

informal networks: family/friends/neighbors

normal function->effectively control crime

Front 71

social disorganization

Back 71

institutions and informal networks function poorly or have failed completely

abnormal function->no crime control. can be a result of rapid urbanization

Front 72

Concentric Zone Model

Back 72

Central Business District

-Transitional Zone: recent immigrant groups, deteriorated housing, factories, abandoned buildings (area with rampant crime, disease, poverty. no one wants to live here but the community cannot prevent these problems)

-working class zone: single family apartments

-residential zone- single family homes, yards/garages

-commuter zone- suburbs

Front 73

residential instability/racial/ethnic diversity

Back 73

these lead to social organization which leads to crime

Front 74

policy implications

Back 74

make social organization function correctly with methods to strengthen the community and good jobs to accelerate disorganization

Front 75

scripts vs rational choice

Back 75

offenders rely on scripts that they follow quite closely to commit their crimes. Better crime opportunities ignored if they don't fit the script

Front 76

police powers

Back 76

broadly: the right of a government to make laws that regulate behavior and enforce order (to preserve and protect the safety, health, welfare, and morals of the community

broadly: if the exercise of police power does not preserve or protect the community then it is a violation of rights

Front 77

American Model- 10th amendment

Back 77

"the powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people"

therefore except in limited situations policing is a state matter

Front 78

4th amendment

Back 78

right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, etc. against UNREASONABLE searches and seizures. Shall not be violated without probable cause

Front 79

reasonableness and probable cause

Back 79

reasonable suspicion- low standard of proof allowing police/government agent to engage in brief investigative stop: must be brief and invasiveness proportional to the magnitude of the suspected crime

Front 80

probable cause for search and arrest

Back 80

slightly higher burden of proof, that more invasive search will likely reveal evidence of a crime- arrest warranted because individual likely has committed or is committing a crime

Front 81

reasonableness

Back 81

what a reasonable person/officer would infer under the same circumstances. concerns only the facts available to the officer. can be based on totality of circumstances.

Front 82

Justice Department report

Back 82

African Amercian's experience disparate impact, in part because of unlawful bias

arrest warrants used to coerce payments of fines

cops and courts actively pushed law enforcement practices to produce revenue not public safety

Front 83

conflict theory

Back 83

social order NOT a consensus, society made up of many competing interest groups

law is written and enforced by groups in power, goal is maintain the status quo

Front 84

elements of conflict theory

Back 84

crime is a byproduct of inequality

groups in control criminalize certain behaviors that threaten their wealth/power/prestige

crime is committed as a form of 'resistance' against conditions of inequality

Front 85

Marxist framework

Back 85

capitalism (country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than the state) is the source of most social problems. Marxism in 5 steps: profit from surplus value, exploitation of labor, alienation of working class, class consciousness, revolt

Front 86

instrumental marxism

Back 86

direct and transparent link between interest of the ruling class and the laws and function of the criminal justice system

Front 87

structural marxism

Back 87

subtle rules of the state and institutions designed to protect the capitalist system, entrenched inequality is a byproduct

Front 88

conflict theory & formal laws

Back 88

no difference between criminals and non-criminals. criminals are those who threaten the capitalist system.

Front 89

Labeling theory

Back 89

crime and deviance is not an inherent characteristic of behavior. social groups 'create' deviance by making rules that people then can transgress. Transgressing a rule leads one to be labeled deviant.

Front 90

extralegal factors

Back 90

other labels that impact arrest/due process/ sanctions= Race (racial profiling), class (vagrancy laws), sex (leniency for women?)

Front 91

controlled substances

Back 91

5 schedules

schedule 1: high potential for abuse and no medical use (Heroin, LSD, marijuana)

schedule 2: high potential for abuse and medical use (adderall and oxycodon)

schedules 3-5: moderate to low potential for abuse and medical use

Front 92

drugs and crime

Back 92

drug use and drug control policies both can cause crime

Front 93

policy implications: drugs and alcohol

Back 93

reducing drunkenness can have major impact

-reducing drug availability without increasing price

-concentrate harsh punishment on violent rather than high-volume dealer

-crackdown on flagrant drug markets

-decriminalize drugs (treat as a public health problem)

Front 94

CA and Pot laws- what's allowed

Back 94

can: possess/transport/obtain/give away to over 21 no more than one ounce or 8 grams, cultivate up to six plants per residence, retail sales for over 21 use in 2018

Front 95

CA and Pot laws- what's not allowed

Back 95

consuming marijuana in public ($100 fine), consume or possess open container of bud while driving or riding as passenger ($250), possess or use where children are present ($100), manufacture with a volatile solvent, use under 21 but over 18= $100, use under 18=drug counseling/comm. service. Cannot possess more than an ounce= misdemeanor $500 or 6 months in jail

Front 96

Rights not protected by Prop 64

Back 96

owners may forbid possession or use of bud on their property subject to normal tenant law for renters

- employers may prohibit use of marijuana by their employees

Front 97

crime WITH a gun

Back 97

ex. robbery with a gun- less likely to attack (more likely with other weapons), risk of injury lower but risk of death is higher, chance of success increases, 'take' increases

Front 98

LA vs. USA- gangs

Back 98

LA- 463 gangs and 39k members

USA- 28k gangs and 730k members

Front 99

gang crime

Back 99

gang members commit wide array of crimes, violence is only one part. 30% of youth in gangs commit 85% of the crime

Front 100

gang definition

Back 100

an ongoing group of three or more persons having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more criminal acts and whose members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity

Front 101

risk factors for joining a gang

Back 101

critical life events, non delinquent problem behaviors, delinquent beliefs, weak parental monitoring, peer delinquency (accumulation of factors matters)

more insignificant risk factors: self-esteem, family structure, attachment within family