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340 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Papacy |
Refers to the office of and authority of the pope. |
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John Wycliffe |
1324-1384 Proto-reformer (aggresively adopted protestants belief reform contributor) Professor of philosophy and theology at oxford -Lollards were his followers (dissodence-deemed heirtics) -Entirely adopted by protestant reformtion -Beilieved bible was being held captive church & clergy --opposed b/c thought the bible was supposed to be for everyone -1382 - Wycliffe Bible - Latin vulgate translated into middle english by committee -Contested eucharist doctrine (no biblical evidence for at least 5 of the 7 catholic sacraments) -Church attempted to accuse his translation as deviating from the authentic bible but failed to find substantial evidence. |
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Jan Hus (John Huss) |
1371-1415 Mdern day czecoslovakia Theologian & preacher Influenced by Wycliffe Lead czech reform Burned at the stake 1415 -ordered by council of Constance -Following known as hussites |
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Modern Devotion |
j |
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Brothers of the Common Life |
Semi-monastic (informal (no vows) serious approach of faith "Mystical" Emphasized individual piety rather than communal piety Goals were to revive early church practice Sermons Written word (devotion/spritiual books) Northern European "lowlands"
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Thomas a Kempis |
"imitation of christ" Brother of Common life |
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Girolamo Savonarola |
1452-1498 Italian Dominican Friar Less doctrinal complaints but more so church avarice staged - bonfire of vanities -Florentinians brought material goods and burned them -Begged Charles the 8th to depose Pope Alexander the 6th "worst of the deborsia popes" Failed and burnd for it |
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Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam |
1466-1536
Dutch Scholar Educated by BotCL Freelanced at Cambridge-Oxford Funny guy Sarcastic toward Catholic Church, though Catholic himself "Colbert Report of the modern" Wrote: Praise of Folly 1511 & Colloquies 1518 Hated indulgences & obscure arguments of scholastic theologians. Complained about external practices substituting for internal transformation Enchiridian 1503 Published greek new testament w/ latin translation 1516 "Erasmus laid the egg, and Luther hatched it." "Prince of Humanists"-restore literacy glories of antiquity. "The true soldier of Christ trains for practical and daily life in the midst of human affairs." Enchiridian militis Chiristiani - dagger (or handbook) of the christian soldier. Forced to contest Luther; chose to contest predestination w/ free will rather than social issues Lead humanists away from Lutheranism |
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Emperor Constantine |
-312 Conversion -Edict of Milan 315 Legalizes christianity -Precedents expansion through warfare is legitimate -Forges close relationship between church and state |
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Theodosion |
Constantine's successor 380 Christianity becomes official Roman religion |
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Great Schism |
1054 Pope and Patriarch mutually excommunicate eachother |
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Innocent the 3rd |
declares the pope the "vicor of christ" Asserts two "swords" are sprortual embodied by the pope and secular temporal embodied by the king or emperor Pope trumps kings in authority 1215 |
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Holy Roman Empire |
~Germany |
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Why'd the Papacy decline? |
-Power and hostility of western monarchs -Corrupt and careerist popes -Indulgences (coupons purchased to shorten time in purgatory) --Funded St. Peter's Basilica -Anti-clericalism -Europe becoming Increasingly secular -growth of lay piety -Outspoken church member critics -Printing Press (provide "mud-slinging) -Convents and monasteries became "posh" hotels for rich kids. -scholastic theology -dwindling of social services from church |
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Avignon Papacy |
Papacy in France 14th century |
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Simony |
Buying of church offices |
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Interdict |
Period in which Christians couldn't receives communion, whcih was imperative for salvation |
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Anti-clericalism |
Negative attitude toward clergy |
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Lay piety |
14th-15th century Self- initiated devotions -Lay preaching (box preaching) -Pilgrimages -Lay writing (devotions) -Lay - non clergical plays |
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Catherine of Sienna |
Told pope to return to Rome |
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Vulgate |
Latin Bible Jomar |
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Scholastic theology |
Voluminis theology questioned by wycliffe ":esoteric words neither make us holy nor righteous, I would rather experience salvation in my soul than define." -Wycliffe |
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humanism |
Refers to those who devote themselves to the "humanities," seeking to restore the literary glories of antiquity. |
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Obscurantism |
Opposition to the increase and spread of knowledge. |
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3 common values of bourgeoise that initially influenced Erasmus |
Tolerance, moderation, stability |
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What did the 5th Lateran Council do? |
-decreed lay preaching illegal -raised taxes |
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What was Martin Luther's take on marriage? |
Advocates holiness in fatherhood & marriage just as credible as celibacy
Loved singing & dancing |
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Katherine vonBorg Luther lived when? |
1499-1550 |
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What year was the Diet of Spire? |
1529 |
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Transubstantiation |
communion transforms into flesh & blood when consumed. |
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4th Lateran Council |
-1215 -There is no salvation outside of the [catholic] church and its sacraments. -Contested by Luther: Salvation is by christ alone, faith alone, grace alone, and scripture alone |
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hocus-pocus |
"hoc est corpus meum" "This is my body" mocks doctrine of transubstantiaion |
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Marks of a true Christian Theses |
1: True penitence 44: works of love 58: grace worked inwardly 18: reason & scripture driven |
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Diet of Worms |
1521 Presided over by emperor ML charged w/ heresy ML commanded to recant "Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise" -ML |
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Frederick the Wise |
1463-1525 Prince of Saxony Identified by Pope Leo as ideal successor to Maximillian vs Charles 1 of Spain & Francis 1 of France (Success by either Charles or Francis threatened papal policies and prestige) Protected ML until proper trial & conviction Considered Pope to be just an Italian prince |
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Wartburg Castle |
Where Frederick the Wise's armed band hid ML Where ML began writing the German bible Where ML was protected from arrest and execution ML stayed for a year |
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Katherine Von Bora Luther |
1499-1550 Nun pursuaded by Luther's arguments Wouldn't marry any suitor other than ML and 1 more Married ML in 1525 Nun at age of 10 German convent Read both latin & german 1523 smuggled out by ML and fishmonger friends in fish barrels 6 kids w/ ML Given Augustinian Monestery as a wedding gift |
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Diet of Spire |
1526/1529 Formally withdrew edict of worms Granted German states the freedom to choose its own religious allegiance /Reaffirms edict of worms upon renewed imperial intervention German princes who supports ML threatened to recant w/ "fire & sword" |
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Protestantism |
Excludes everything that is not in the bible. Greater emphasis on the individual "Protestants" - princes who formally opposed the edict of worms reaffirmation |
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Indulgences |
"Remission of sin" official Catholic church |
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Johann Tetzel |
1465-1519 Dominican friar -Peddled indulgences -Assigned to Saxony, ML's region -"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs" -suggests pardon by proxy -inflames ML |
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Ninety-Five Thesis |
Posted Oct 31, 1517 Made ML famous by December (thanks to printing press) |
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Diet of Worms |
1521 |
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Frederick the Wise |
1463-1525 Prince of Saxony Considered Pope Leo as ideal successor to Maximillian vs Charles 1 of Spain & Francis 1 of France (Success by either Charles or Francis threatened papal policies and prestige) Protected ML until proper trial & conviction |
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Phillip Malancthon |
Professor of Greek Joined Karlstadt while ML was hidden Wrote Augsburg Confession |
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Adrian of Utrechr |
Succeeded Leo X for a year and a half till death Tutored Leo X Placed by Charles the V
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Clement VII |
Succeeded Adrian of Utrechr Wanted Lutheranism annihilated Joined France's in declaring war on Charles Fled to Castel Sant'Angelo 1527 |
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Thomas Müntzer |
Claimed spiritual revelation to be superior than written scripture From Zwikau Shared beliefs as Zwikau prophets who claimed needn't scripture for divine enlightenment |
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1524-25 uprising |
Peasants believed reform supported their economic demands despite ML lack of support Twelve articles made economic & religious demands Religious undertones behind outbreaks |
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Anabaptists |
Peasants who felt ML betrayed them after outbreaks & 12 articles. |
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Augsburg Confession |
Main Author: Phillip Melancthon What Lutheran's claimed themselves Christians of. Presented to emperor at Diet of Augsburg 1530 Orderly exposition of Luthers arguments (points of issue) (Concise summary of Luther teachings) |
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Adrian of Utrechr |
Succeeded Leo X for a year and a half till death Tutored Leo X Placed by Charles the V
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Anabaptists |
Anabaptists = "baptized again" Mark 16:16 Baptism requires competence & volunteer Include Mennonites/Hutterites/Amish Peasants who felt ML betrayed them after outbreaks & 12 articles. Take the bible literally Believed Luther & Zwingli didn't reform far enough Independent of secular apparatus Original separation of church and state "Millenialist"- imminent 2nd coming of christ Recanted initial stance that pastors weren't necessary Emphasized voluntary gathering of true believers Coercive faith wasn't as legit Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants
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League Shmalkalden |
Princes (Protestants) United to front the emperor after refusing to recant their allegiance to the Augsburg Confessions and resist the imperial edict to be imposed by force. |
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Peace of Nuremberg |
1532 Peace between Catholics and Protestants Issued by Charles V when in need of united Germany to confront imposing Turks Provided Protestant practice of faith w/ the exception of spreading it. Suspended imperial edict of Augsburg |
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Justification by Faith |
Cuts out Catholic middle men (church, clergy, sacraments & good works) Your good as a response to salvation |
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What's Priesthood of All Believers? |
Clergy aren't ontologically/inherently superior once ordained reading of scripture is superior than church law & tradition. |
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Consubstantiation |
Sacramental union - preferred by ML Jesus' presence is in, with, & under the bread and the wine |
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Doctrine of 2 Kingdoms |
Secular & spiritual realm |
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Theology of the Cross |
Opposed "theology of glory" Redirects focus on Jesus crucifixion Resists prosperity gospel |
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Freedom of a Christian |
-ML Summary of Protestant teachings Directed toward Pope Nov 1520 Redefines relationship b/n individual & church, clergy, & God Salvation is contingent on the Word of God (Christ)
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Peace of Augsburg |
1555 Provided prince the right to determine the religion of there region/state |
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Luther's Theology |
Polemic in his presentation Admired St. Augustine Original sin Dependence on divine grace -Justification by faith -Law & gospel -Priesthood of all believers -Sacramental union -Theology of the Christ |
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Law and Gospel |
Gospel - "What God does for us through Christ" Achieving salvation on our behalf Law - the "Word" mandates for us curb's bad behavior men made be lead to the knowledge of their sins Spiritual division of labor
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Anitomianism |
~people can do whatever they want after they're regenerate~ |
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Ulrich Zwingli |
1484-1531 Swiss Priest in Glarus Master of Arts 1506 University of Vienna Studies at Basel & Bern, humanist hubs Contested warring factions financing cantons w/ mercenary attacks Main goal was to restore biblical faith practice Humanist inclinations embellished reason Played violin Cried as the organ was dismantled (supposedly) -Platonic theology (Near God, Distant material) |
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Anamnesis |
Deeply involved memory |
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Divine Ubiquity |
Omnipresence |
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Canton |
Swiss State Differed in denomination (catholic vs. protestant) |
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Jacob Hutter |
1500-1536 Italian hat maker Converted to Anabaptism in Austria ~1530's Inspired Hutterites |
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When/Where was John Calvin born? |
7/10/1509-5/27/1604 Noyon, France |
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Where'd JC study? |
Humanist University of Paris Best school at the time |
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When/Whats JC's degree? |
Master's of Arts 1528 |
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After dad's fall out what'd JC study and under whom? |
Law under traditional Pierre de l'Estoile (preference) and humanist Andrea Alciati |
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What did JC do after his father died? |
Returned to Paris to study finish theology study. |
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What did JC do in 1534? |
Returned to Noyon Gave up dad's ecclesiastical posts (college fund) Witnessed Francis 1 (negatively) change his policy toward Proestants. |
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Zwingli vs Luther theology |
-Rejected traditions w/out explicit biblical support vs retained tradition that didn't contradict the bible. -Banned music and practice, even found in the bible, maintaining nothing should distract the mind from hearing the Word of God vs "Singing is praying twice" -God chooses who goes to hell vs. Inevitable requirement upon sin -grandiose sensual worship was an obstacle vs aid in spiritual life -Sacraments (except baptism) are just signs/symbols of spiritual reality vs. invocation of inner divine action -Eucharist Anamnistic (prevented idolatry) vs. transubstantiation - Acknowledged social issues vs. contested peasant uprising
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When were Institutes of Christian Religion written? |
1536 |
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Sovereignty of God |
God is omniscient & omnipotent Logically requires that everything is foreknown & intended |
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Predestination |
j |
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Geneva, Switzerland |
"Holy City" |
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Calvinistic Work Ethic |
Resisting sin and sloth is energizing to embrace. |
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Institutes of Christian Religion |
1st Comprehensive protestant theology. |
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What are theme's in Calvin's Institutes |
1. God's sovereignty, freedom, & providence 2. Low view of humanity (we can do nothing but sin) 3. Proper understanding of faith (Cognitive & sentimental certainty of God's grace and power) 4. The Bible is the final authority on all matters of faith & life ("The scripture are the spectacles through which we see all of reality) 5. Law comes after faith, but is essential for Christian life 6. Reform & order of both church & civic life 7. Election & double predestination 8. The elect can't lose their salvation. |
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What's Calvin's favorite bible verse? |
Ephesians 1:4-5 |
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What is sanctification? |
The life long progression of holiness. |
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John Calvin |
Maintained church is where you're sanctified. Strict sabbatarian
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Swiss Reformation |
Began w/ Affair of the Sausages 1522 Zwingli publicly debates Catholic tradition |
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What 3 major denominations stem from Calvinism (capitalized; as opposed to Arminianism) |
Reformed Congregational Presbyterian |
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Marburg Coloquy |
1. 1529 2. Called by Phillip of Hesse 3. Political Unification 4. 15 Protestant Doctrines 5. Luther&Zwingli 6. 14 of 15 agreed 7. Contended Eucharistic implications |
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Radical Reformation |
Radics = roots (latin) Roots is the church of Acts |
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Cuius Regio, Eius Religio |
j |
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Siege of Munster |
1535-1536 Munster Anabaptist majority Catholic/Protestant sieged them Then iInterpreted as religious tolerance to be dangerous In the presence of radicalism |
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Menno Simons |
1496-1561 Dutch convert to Anabaptism Evangelized anabaptist theology Inspired Mennonites Mennonite Central Committee are legit |
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Schleitheim Confession |
1527 Swiss Anabaptist writers 1. Adult Baptism 2. Discipline 3. Communion 4. Separatism 5. Duties of Pastors 6. Violence (Absolutely not) 7. Oaths (to the state avoided to prevent compromise of faith & duty) |
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Magisterial Reformers |
Calvin/Zwingli/Luther Willing to negotiate w/ state |
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What related houses divided Great Britain in the 16th century? |
House of Tudor in England & The Stuart Kingdom of Scotland |
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What's Charles V and Catherine's relation? |
Aunt & nephew |
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When'd England separate from Rome? |
1534 |
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How'd England break from Rome? |
Parliament forbid payment of annates & other contributions to Rome. Declared Henry and Catherine's marriage illegitimate. Declared HenryVIII "the supreme head of the Church of England" Any resistance would be declared treason |
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Who was the most notable opposition to Henry VIII's new laws? |
Sir Thomas More |
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What was Thomas More's role? |
Chancellor of the kingdom |
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What was Thomas More's relationship w/ Henry VIII? |
Personal friend |
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Why was Thomas Moore imprisoned? |
He refused to swear loyalty to the king as head of the church |
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How did Thomas More respond when one of his daughters attempted to persuade him to recant. |
"I never intend to pin my conscience to another man's back." |
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Where and with what self-declaration was Thomas executed? |
The Tower of London "the kings good servant, but God's first." |
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Who were Henry VIII's wives? |
1. Catherine 2. Anne Boleyn 3. Jane Seymour 4. Anne of Cleves 5. Catherine Howard 6. Catherine Parr |
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Who were allies in the 16th |
England & Spain Scotland & France |
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What was Anne Boleyn's marital fate? |
Bore only a daughter Elizabeth Declared an adulterous Condemned to death |
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What was Jane Seymour's marital fate? |
Bore Edward VI Died of natural causes |
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Anne of Cleves role? |
-Secure relation w/ german lutherans -Sister in law to John Frederick of Saxony (leading protestant prince) -Divorced after religious differences couldn't be reconciled and Charles V and Francis I failed to agree on common policy against England -Facilitator of marriage beheaded |
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Catherine Howard's role? |
-Conservative advocate -Influenced HenryVIII to take steps to have England conform to Catholicism except the papacy and refused to restore monastaries -Caused difficulties for reformational trends -Beheaded after falling into disgrace |
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Catherine Parr's role |
-Supported reformation -Witnessed HenryVIII die |
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When did Henry VIII die? |
Early 1547 |
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Who died 4 months after marrying Catherine of Aragon? |
Henry VIII son Arthur |
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Who was Catherine of Aragon's parents? |
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain |
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Who replaced arthur as Catherine's husband |
His little brother Henry |
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How did Henry break canon law when marrying Henry to Arthur's widow? |
He attained Papal dispensation. |
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Who'd Henry 8 make Clement VII declare archbishop of Canterbury. |
Thomas Cranmer (Henry VIII's main religious advisor) |
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What did Thomas Cranmer envision? |
A reformation of the church under royal authority. |
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Why was Clement VII under Charles V "thumb" |
f |
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Why'd and how did Henry 8 repudiate Catherine. |
To remarry and have another heir. Annulment |
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What related houses divided Great Britain in the 16th century? |
House of Tudor in England & The Stuart Kingdom of Scotland |
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What's Charles V and Catherine's relation? |
Aunt & nephew |
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When'd England separate from Rome? |
1534 |
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How'd England break from Rome? |
Parliament forbid payment of annates & other contributions to Rome. Declared Henry and Catherine's marriage illegitimate. Declared HenryVIII "the supreme head of the Church of England" Any resistance would be declared treason |
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Who was the most notable opposition to Henry VIII's new laws? |
Sir Thomas More |
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What was Thomas More's role? |
Chancellor of the kingdom |
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What was Thomas More's relationship w/ Henry VIII? |
Personal friend |
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Why was Thomas Moore imprisoned? |
He refused to swear loyalty to the king as head of the church |
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How did Thomas More respond when one of his daughters attempted to persuade him to recant. |
"I never intend to pin my conscience to another man's back." |
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Where and with what self-declaration was Thomas executed? |
The Tower of London "the kings good servant, but God's first." |
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Who were Henry VIII's wives? |
1. Catherine 2. Anne Boleyn 3. Jane Seymour 4. Anne of Cleves 5. Catherine Howard 6. Catherine Parr |
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Who were allies in the 16th |
England & Spain Scotland & France |
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What was Anne Boleyn's marital fate? |
Bore only a daughter Elizabeth Declared an adulterous Condemned to death |
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What was Jane Seymour's marital fate? |
Bore Edward VI Died of natural causes |
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Anne of Cleves role? |
-Secure relation w/ german lutherans -Sister in law to John Frederick of Saxony (leading protestant prince) -Divorced after religious differences couldn't be reconciled and Charles V and Francis I failed to agree on common policy against England -Facilitator of marriage beheaded |
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Catherine Howard's role? |
-Conservative advocate -Influenced HenryVIII to take steps to have England conform to Catholicism except the papacy and refused to restore monastaries -Caused difficulties for reformational trends -Beheaded after falling into disgrace |
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Catherine Parr's role |
-Supported reformation -Witnessed HenryVIII die |
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When did Henry VIII die? |
Early 1547 |
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How did Cranmer contribute to the English church? |
Had bible translated to english And placed in every church for the public |
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Henry VIII |
1491-1547 Named "Defender of the faith" by the pope. Married big bro's widow Forbid worship of statues & images |
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Edward VI |
9yrs old when assumes throne Regency rules for him 1537-1553 Dies of tuberculosis at 15 |
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Mary (Tutor) I |
1516-1558 "Bloody Mary" Supposedly executed 300 protestants
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Who died 4 months after marrying Catherine of Aragon? |
Henry VII's son Arthur |
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Phillip II |
-Desires that England return to traditional catholicism -Mortal enemy of Elizabeth 1 -Facilitates Spanish Armada 1588 |
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Thomas Cranmer |
1489-1556 Burned at the stake by Mary I "Architect" of English protestantism Wrote Book of Common Prayer Believed mass is a sacrifice Believed mass was efficacious in achieving salvation Questioned necessity of a Pope Combines Catholic structure with protestant theology |
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Book of Common Prayers |
Eucharist prayers Different service prayers "Edwardian" prayer books 1549- first prayer book Retains "mass" word 1552 - more protestant Gets rid of "catholic words" 1559 - Elizabeth's moderate |
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Elizabeth I |
r. 1558-1603 in England -"Pragmatic" -Emphasizes outward -conformity in the interest of unity -Achieves unity & organization through compromise (Elizabethan Settlement) 39 Articles - 1563 reconciles doctrines |
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Elizabeth Settlement |
Requires oath of loyalty to the monarch |
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Church of England/Anglicans |
Catholic structure Protestant theology |
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viamedia |
middle way between catholicism & protestantism |
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episcopocy |
"rule by bishops" Includes Catholicism b/c the pope is just the bishop of Rome |
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Richard Hooker |
1554-1600 Avoids extremes Not all Pope, not all scripture "father of anglicanism" Wrote the "Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity" (1590's) Cranmer's equivalent during Elizabeth's reign Advocates various means of grace -necessary not for salvation but sanctification |
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Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity |
j |
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Who was Catherine of Aragon's parents? |
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain |
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Regency for Edward VI |
Men who rule in supplement for Edward incompetence Protestant majority |
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Who's the current Archbishop of Canterbury |
Justin Welby Not equivalent to Pope's authority |
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Anglicanism aspects |
via media "middle way" multiple means of grace bishops, priest, deacons the Word, church, sacrements Multiple sources of authority "3 legged-stool" 1.scripture 2.tradition 3. Reason Importance of liturgy |
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Who replaced arthur as Catherine's husband |
Arthur's little brother HenryVIII |
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How did Henry break canon law when marrying Henry to Arthur's widow? |
He attained Papal dispensation. |
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Who'd Henry 8 make Clement VII declare archbishop of Canterbury. |
Thomas Cranmer (Henry VIII's main religious advisor) |
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What did Thomas Cranmer envision? |
A reformation of the church under royal authority. |
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Why was Clement VII under Charles V "thumb" |
f |
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Why'd and how'd Henry 8 repudiate Catherine. |
To remarry and have another heir. Annulment |
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What composed the Edict of Nantes? |
92 Royal Articles 56 Secret Articles 2 Royal Warrants |
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When was the Edict of Nantes issued? |
1598 |
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Who issued the Edict of Nantes? |
Henry IV |
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When did Henry IV rule? |
1589-1610 |
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What did Edict of Nantes do? |
-End French wars of religion -Approbated french protestantism |
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Where'd Henry IV rule? |
France |
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What's my favorite thing Richard Hooker says in Ecclesiastical Polity? |
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When did Martin Luther live? |
1483-1564 |
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What was ML's early profession? |
Junior professor at minor university. |
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Where was ML born? |
Eisleban Germany |
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Why, what, & where did ML initially study? |
Father insisted on Law school 60 miles south of Eisleban |
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When was the Imperial Diet of Worms? |
1521 |
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Who oversaw the Imperial Diet of Worms of 1521? |
Charles V (I) |
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Why did Luther hesitate to recant his writings? |
Because to oppose the church and the emperor was to oppose the authority they had been ordained by God. He feared God more than imperial power |
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How did Martin Luther regard the books of James and Revelation? |
As "books of straw" |
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How did ML view singing? |
"A person who sings, prays twice" |
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What Martin Luther's most famous hymn? |
"A mighty fortress is our God" |
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What primary resource most illustrates ML's character and where'd it accumulate? |
"Table Talks" written from his often held dinner parties |
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What controversial works did ML write and under what conditions? |
"The Jews and their Lies anti-semitic works While suffering severe mental disorders "dementia, paranoia" |
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What did ML love? |
Singing & dancing |
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When was the 5th Lateran Council held? |
1512-1517 |
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Why and on account of whom did Martin Luther quit law school? |
He negotiated w/ St. Anne (Patron St. of minors) that if she saved him from a violent thunderstorm he would become a monk. |
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What was the 5th Lateran council a gathering of? |
High ranking clergy (bishops & popes) |
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What did the 5th Lateran Council discuss? |
-general, legal, administrative, -moral reform questions -Specifically schism & heresy (including jew converts, withcraft etc.) -Muslim threat -Bishops should have more authority than monks & clergy |
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What books of the bible captivated ML? |
Galatians, Ephesians, Romans |
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What characteristic of Martin Luther potentially fueled/influenced his theology? |
Very sensitive conscious such that he consistently confessed trivial sins so much so that a fed up priest allegedly told him to return when he'd killed someone. |
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What scripture did ML fixate on? |
Rom 1:16 & Eph 2:8-9 |
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What's the main emphasis of Luther's theology? |
Justification through faith |
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What was Luther's contention with Catholicism use of the bible. |
They added stuff to it. |
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How did Luther view sin? |
"a condition, a way of being, far beyond the individual sins one could confess to a priest." |
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When and what was the nature of Luther theological knowledge. |
1512 doctorate in theology Memorized psalter |
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How did Luther respond to his order to recant at the Imperial Diet of Worms? |
"My conscience is a prisoner of God's word, I cannot and will not recant for to disobey ones conscience is neither just nor safe. God help me. Amen." |
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When were the French Wars of Religion? |
1562-1598 |
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Who are the Huguenots? |
French Protestants (significantly Calvinist majority) |
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When was St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? |
August 24, 1572 |
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When and where did Henry IV rule? |
1589-1610 in France |
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What did the Edict of Nantes do? |
Tried to placate religious feuds in France. |
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What is Causal Efficacy? |
Attribute of the Sacraments to literally incite cellular acclimation with God. |
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What groups retain infant baptism? |
Anglican Lutheran Calvinist Zwinglian |
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What's the "Causal Efficacy" pendulum? |
1. Catholic/Orthodox 2. Anglican 3. Lutheran 4. Calvinist 5. Zwinglian 6. Anabaptist |
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What do the 39 articles say about baptism? |
Salvation/justification is already achieved. And is no more than "agreeable" w/ the New Testament |
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Who are the "fathers" of Anglicanism? |
Henry VIII (Political) Thomas Cranmer (Liturgy) Richard Hooker (Theology) |
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What's the Anglican mediating book? |
The Book of Common Prayer |
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What were 4 main causes of the French Wars of Religion? |
1. Weak monarchy 2. Friction between Catholics & Huguenots 3. Family rivalries (Guise Catholic vs Bourbans Pro) |
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What does presbyterian entail? |
"Ruled by committee" Consists of elected committees called presbyteries. Calvinists |
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Congregational implications? |
"Rule by pastor" (though not by himself) Zwinglie Anabaptist |
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What's the episcopal hierarchy? |
Pope Archbishop Bishop Priest Deacons |
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When was the Massacre of Vassy? |
1562 |
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Who attacked who at the battle of Vassy? |
Catholics attacked Huegonots |
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How many died in Paris associated w/ St. B's Day? |
2-3thousand |
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Over the 6weeks following St. B's Massacre, how many died? |
More than 10,000 Mostly Protestants |
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When was the Edict on Nantes issued? |
1598 |
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Who usually instigated French Wars battle? |
Catholics |
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How'd Henry IV die? |
Traffic jam staged assassination by Catholic fanatic |
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What are the 3 models of church governance (polity)? |
Congregational Presbyterian Episcopal |
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Episcopal |
"Ruled by Bishops" Maintains traditional hierarchy Catholic Ortho's ~Lutherans Anglican |
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When did Isabella inherit the crown of castille? |
1474 |
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Who led the Discalced Carmalites? |
St. Teresa of Avila |
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What's Discalced Carmelites named after? |
Discalced - Nuns who wore sandals instead of shoes Carmelites - Carmelite Convent of the Incarnation ( Teresa's initial monestary) |
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What was the Discalced Carmalites? |
Men's and women's monestaries founded by Teresa on account of lack of rigor and divine inspiration. |
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Who helped ST. Teresa in her reform? |
St. John of the Cross (short guy) |
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Who are the Jesuits? |
Military patterned instrument in Catholic offensive against Protestantism concerning polemics. Far East and New world missionaries. |
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What were the vows of the Jesuits? |
Poverty Chastity Obedience to the Pope |
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What did Jesuits stand for? |
Society of Jesus |
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When did the Jesuits attain approval from work in the Holy Land among the Turks and from who? |
1540 Pope Paul III |
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Who began the Jesuit order? |
St. Ignatius Loyola |
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When did Igantius return to Montserrat and from where? |
1534 from studying theology with younger students in Paris, Barcelona, Selmanaca, and Alcala |
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What are Jimenez' two most significant contributions? |
Founding the University of Alcala Publishing Complutensian Polyglot |
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What's the progression of 7 Popes beginning with Leo X and a characteristic? |
Leo X - embellished Rome & house of Medici Adrian VI- Lofty Ideals, died quick Clement VII - Beautified Rome lost Charles V Paul III - Astrology >theology, recognised jesuits, 1536 appointed distinguished cardinals and bishops to advise reform Julius III - nepotism, roman court PARTY! Marcellus II - sudden death Paul IV (Giampietro Carafa) - cleansed Roman curia, directed Index of Forbidden Books during Inquisition |
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When was the first Council of Trent? |
1545 |
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Why was the council of Trent held at Trent? |
Charles V insisted |
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During who's reign did the breach between Protestantism and Catholicism become permanent? |
Pope Paul III |
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When and why was the 19th ecumenical council (Council of trent) suspended? |
1547 Disagreement on location |
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How many prelates attended the first session of the council of Trent? |
31 |
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How many prelates attended the last session of the council of Trent? |
213 |
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When was the second session of the council of Trent? |
1551-1555 |
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When was the last session of Council of Trent? |
1562-1563 |
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What's pluralism? |
holding several ecclesiastical offices simultaneously |
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What's the Complutensian Polyglot? |
6 volume Multilingual Bible OT 4, NT 1, Linguistic discussion of Hebrew Cretan, Greek grammar 6) |
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What were some decrees of the Council of Trent? |
1. Condemned Pluralism 2. Listed & defined clergy obligations 3. Founded seminaries for training ministry 4.Promoted Thomas Aquinas theology 5. Declared the latin translation of the bible (Vulgate) authority in matters of Dogma |
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What marked the birth of the modern Catholic Church? |
The Council of Trent |
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When was the Complutensian Polyglot finished and published? |
1517 & 1520 |
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Who was Fransisco Jimenez de Cisneros? |
A fransiscan friar and humanist sholar (chaldean & hebrew) made archbishop by Isabella on account of Alexander VI papal bull. (spent 10 years in prison for refusing to participate in corruption) |
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Who was the main systematizer of Catholic arguments against protestantism? |
Robert Bellarmine |
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What role did Bellarmine play in Rome? When and how long? |
Chair of Polemics 1576-1588 12 yrs. |
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What work did Bellarmine produce and when did he finish it & why? |
On the Controversies of the Christian Faith 1593 In response to the Centuries Magdeburg |
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What were the first Objective books on the original church, by whom and when? |
The Centuries of Magdeburg (Magdeburg scholars) True Picture of the first Christians (Gotfried Arnold 1696) NonPartisan History of the Church and Heretics (Gottfried Arnold 1699) |
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What were the 2 most noteworthy New Orders? |
Jesuits Discalced Carmalites |
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What's cujus regis eius religio |
Principle that peace is only attained if some sates were solely Protestant or Catholic |
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What appealed to Hungarians about the Reformed tradition? |
Decentralized government Effectively made it hard for Ottomans to pressure leaders. |
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Who was the leader of the Calvinist movement in Poland? |
Johannes a Lasco (Jan Laski) |
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When did Jan Laski live? |
1499-1560 |
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What did Laski do? |
Translated bible to Polish Worked for reproachment between calvinists and lutherans |
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When was the Synod Sendomir? |
1570 (Culminated Laski's efforts) |
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What's Unitarianism? |
-Denies the Trinity -Denies Jesus' divinity -Argues the Father is God -The Holy Spirit is just an expression of God's power and presence. |
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Who started Unitarianism? |
Laelius Socineus |
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When did Laliues Socineus live? |
1525-1562 |
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What are the 2 catclysmic events of the 16th century that dominated Christianity? |
The reformation and colonization of vast new lands. |
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Who were the Turks according to Luther? |
Anyone who wasn't Christian or Jew? |
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Who are the Waldensians? |
The original protestant community with parallel tenants dating back to the 12th century (1100's) |
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Who are 6 great reformers the text mentions in summary? |
Luther Calvin Loyola Erasmus Knox Simons Menno |
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What sas at the root of many religious wars? |
National unity linked with religious uniformity. |
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What document is greatly admired by Unitarians? |
Recovian Catechism |
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When and by whom was the Recovian Catechism published? |
1605 2 followers of Faustus Socinius |
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Whose Faustus Socinius? |
Laelius Socinius nephew |
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When did Faustus Socinius live? |
1539-1604 |
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Where'd did Unitarianism emerge? |
Poland |
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Who started the Waldensians? |
Peter Waldo |
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When did the Waldensians adopt what amounts to the main Protestant Tenants? |
1532's synod |
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After the Ottoman Turks invaded Hungary who was elected King? |
Ferdinand of Hapsburg |
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When did the Ottoman's defeated the Hungarians and kill 20 yr old King Lous II? |
1525 |
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When did King Louis II ascend to the throne of Hungary? |
1516 (at 10 yrs old) |
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What was the other name for Transylvania? |
Royal Hungary |
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Who was the kind of Transylvania? |
King Sigismund |
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What were the 4 religions King Sigismund had equal standing when he said "that's enough theology?" |
Roman Catholicism Lutheranism Reformed tradition of Switzerland Unitarianism |
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When did St. Teresa live? |
1515-1582 |
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What's the Catholic Reformation Aka? |
Counter Reformation |
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What did the Reconquista rebel against? |
Rebelled Muslim rule in place since 711. |
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When did Spain regain control from the muslims? |
1492 |
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When was the Spanish Inquisition? |
1480-1834 |
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|
Council of Trent |
j |
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Ignatius Loyola |
j |
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Society of Jesus |
j |
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Teresa Avila |
j |
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John of the Cross |
j |
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What institutions did Isabella rather than doctrine? |
Moral, Conduct |
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|
What's the Catholic Reformation Aka? |
Counter Reformation |
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When did Phillip II live? |
1527-1598 |
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What's stripado? |
Hanging by wrists or ankles |
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When did the Council of Trent occur? |
1542-1563 |
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What did the council of Trent promote? |
one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church |
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What did the council of Trent reaffirm? |
There's 7 Sacraments & the efficacy of them |
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What's theology did the Council of Trent reaffirm? |
Salvation equates to a combination of grace & works |
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What bible did Council of Trent reinforce. |
Latin Vulgate by Jerome |
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What's Catholicsm's reasoning for exalting the church above the bible. |
The Church produced the bible thus holds interpretation jurisdiction. |
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What did the council of trent renew? |
Commitment to the poor and needy. |
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What grows following Council of Trent? |
Catholic scholarship devotional literature art lay societies |
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What did the Reconquista rebel against? |
Rebelled Muslim rule in place since 711. |
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With whom did Ignatius Loyola attend the same college at the same time. |
John Calvin |
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What's the Jesuits aka? |
Shock troops |
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What's Ignatius Loyola's critique of Protestantism? (consistent w/ many catholic scholars) |
Makes Christianity too easy (Mt 25) Low view of humanity (IL asserts Christians attain the capacity to fulfill requirements upon baptism) Removes free will |
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|
What Catholic's take on sin? |
Damaging but doesn't eliminate some righteous propensity's. |
|
|
Lutheran/Anglican take on sin? |
Same as catholic except good works are evidence of your salvation. |
|
|
Calvin's take on sin? |
We're totally blackened by sin but maintains same stance on good works as Lutheran/anglican |
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|
What was Teresa of Avila's motivation for founding the Decalced Carmelites. |
To bring "comfort to our Lord" who has been attacked with such cruelty. Make God happy by being even more devout to make up for the protestants lack. |
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|
When did Spain regain control from the muslims? |
1492 |
|
|
When was the Spanish Inquisition? |
1480-1834 |
|
|
Council of Trent |
j |
|
|
Ignatius Loyola |
j |
|
|
Society of Jesus |
j |
|
|
Teresa Avila |
j |
|
|
John of the Cross |
j |
|
|
What institutions did Isabella rather than doctrine? |
Moral, Conduct |
|
|
St. John of the Cross's most famous quote? |
"Dark knight of the soul" |
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|
What does "Dark night of the soul" mean? |
Point where the soul meets God. Often "dark" place in life. |
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|
When did John of the Cross live? |
1542-1591 |
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What was John of the Cross's ethnicity or religious disposition. |
spanish mystic |
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|
Plagiasm is what? |
"Works righteousness" You can literally earn your salvation, |
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|
What's the most important difference concerning justification as decreed by the Council of Trent (6) |
Justification includes what protestants call sanctification: a continual life-long process of being made holy and virtuous |
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|
What did Council of Trent sesh 4 define the gospel as? |
The combination of the written books and Church tradition. (creeds, doctrines, Church fathers, catechism, canon law. |
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|
What the Apocrypha? |
The additional books of the Catholic bible. |
|
|
Whats the Catholics opinion of "The Gospel?" |
"the source at once of all saving truth and rules of conduct." |
|
|
What's "cuius regio, eius religio" mean. |
The governing authorities predicate provinces religion. |
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|
When did Desiderius Erasmus live? |
1466-1536 |
|
|
Geronimo Sanvarola |
1452-1498 |
|
|
What centuries did Spanish missions in Americas occur? |
16th-18th |
|
|
What's the 2nd oldest continuing religion in the Americas? Next to native amerucan |
Catholicism |
|
|
What denomination were the puritans? |
English Calvinists |
|
|
What was the goal of the puritans? |
Reform the english church from within? |
|
|
What denomination were the pilgrims? |
Separatists |
|
|
What distinguishes the separatists from puritans? |
Formally broke relation with english church |
|
|
Where'd the pilgrims intend to land and actually land. |
Virginia & cape cod Massachusetts |
|
|
What did the puritans morph into subsequently? |
Congregational church |
|
|
What are 5 marks of the Puritan legacy? |
1) Moral intensity (superiority) "puritanical" 2) Democracy 3) Work Ethic 4) Education Emphasis (Harvard, Yale, Ivies) 5) American Exceptionalism (manifest destiny) |
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What calvinist opinion did puritans have Boston & eventually America? |
God selected america to be a "city on a hill" exemplifying moral superiority (reiterated by Ronald Reagan) |
