15 How Does The Brain Think?

Front 1

Psychological Construct

Back 1

Idea, resulting from a set of impressions, that some mental ability exists as an entity; examples include memory, language, and emotion

Front 2

Cognition

Back 2

Act or process of knowing or coming to know; in psychology, used to refer to the processes of thought

Front 3

Syntax

Back 3

Ways in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences; proposed to be a unique characteristic of human language

Front 4

What does language do for the brain?

Back 4

Helps it categorize/ organize time

Front 5

Cell Assembly

Back 5

Hypothetical group of neurons that become functionally connected because they receive the same sensory inputs.

Hebb proposed that cell assemblies were the basis of perception, memory, and thought

Front 6

Association Cortex

Back 6

Neocortex outside the primary sensory and motor cortices that functions to produce cognition

Front 7

What is one of the key differences between association cortex and the primary sensory an motor cortices

Back 7

Pattern of connections

Front 8

Visual Agnosia

Back 8

-Damage to the Temporal Association Cortex

-They will lose all visual knowledge about objects (E.g. what they are and what they are used for)

Front 9

Binding Problem

Back 9

Philosophical question focused on how the brain ties single and varied sensory and motor events together into a unified perception or behavior

-One solution: regions of the association cortex are multimodal. These neurons respond to information from more than one sensory moality

Front 10

Which visual stream in the parietal lobes is important in spatial cognition?

Back 10

Dorsal

Front 11

Attention

Back 11

Selective narrowing or focusing of awareness to part of the sensory environment or to a class of stimuli

Front 12

Deficits of Attention

1. Frontal Association Cortex

2. Parietal Association Cortex

Back 12

1. Damage can lead to focusing excessively on external stimuli and difficulty shifting attention

2. Damage can produce contralateral neglect

Front 13

Contralateral Neglect

Back 13

Ignoring a part of the body or word on the side opposite (contralateral to) that of a brain injury

Front 14

Extinction

Back 14

In neurology, neglect of information on one side of the body when it is presented simultaneously with similar information on the other side of the body

Front 15

What injured brain region is unable to organize their behavior?

Back 15

Frontal Lobe

Front 16

Perseveration

Back 16

Tendency to emit repeatedly the same verbal or motor response to varied stimuli

Front 17

Mirror Neuron

Back 17

Cell in the primate premotor cortex that fires when an individual observes a specific action taken by another individual

Front 18

Cognitive Neuroscience

Back 18

Study of the neural bases of cognition

Front 19

Neuropsychological Testing

Back 19

Compares the effects of injuries to different brain regions on particular psychological tasks

Front 20

Brain connectome:

What are two promising imaging tools for mapping the human brain's connectivity?

Back 20

Mapping functional connections in the living

brain

1. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

2. Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imagaing (fcMRI)

Front 21

Tractography

Back 21

Measures actual neuroanatomical pathways that can be related to specific traits

Front 22

Hypercnnectivity

Back 22

Increased local connections between two related brain regions

Front 23

Social Neuroscience

Back 23

Interdisciplinary field tat seeks to understand how the brain mediates social interactions

Front 24

Theory of Mind

Back 24

Ability to attribute mental states to others

Front 25

Self-Regulation

Back 25

Ability to control our emotions and impulses as a means for achieving long-term goals

Prefrontal regions are critical in self-regulation

Front 26

Which part of the brain regions is activated when expressing attitudes?

Back 26

-Prefrontal

-Anterior Cingulate

-Lateral Parietal Regions

Front 27

Neuroeconomics

Back 27

Interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand how the brain makes decisions

Front 28

Reflective System

Back 28

Deliberate, slow, rule-driven, and emotionally neutral (ventromedial prefrontal cortex)

Front 29

Reflexive System

Back 29

Fast, automatic, emotionally biased (lateral prefrontal, medial temporal, and posterior parietal cortex)

Front 30

Left Hemisphere

Back 30

Specialized role in language

Front 31

Primary Auditory Cortex

Back 31

Larger on the right than on the left

Front 32

Secondary Auditory Cortex & Sensory-Motor Cortex

Back 32

Large on the left than on the right

Front 33

Neurons in the left hemisphere have larger dendritic fields than neurons in the right hemisphere

Back 33

Broca's Area

Front 34

Case G.H.

Damage to the right parietal lobe

Back 34

Difficulties copying drawings, assembling puzzles, and navigating around familiar places

Front 35

Case M.M.

Damage to the left parietal lobe

Back 35

Difficulties with language, copying movements, reading, arithmetic, and generating names of objects or animals

Front 36

Aphasia

Back 36

Impairment in the use of language

Front 37

Apraxia

Back 37

General impairment in making voluntary movements in the absence of paralysis or a muscular disorder

Front 38

Dichotic Listening

Right Ear vs Left Ear

Back 38

Right Ear - Verbal Information

Left Ear - Musical Information

Front 39

Visual System

Right Visual Field vs Left Visual Field

Back 39

Right Visual Field - Language-related information

Left Visual Field - Nonverbal, spatial information

Front 40

Split Brain

Back 40

Surgical disconnection of the two hemispheres in which the corpus callosum is cut

Front 41

When objects are presented in the right visual field (information goes to left hemisphere), split-brain patients _____________ name them

Back 41

Can Easily

Front 42

When objects are presented in the left visual field (information goes to right hemisphere), split-brain patients _____________ name them

Back 42

Cannot

Front 43

Are female or males better on short-term-memory-type tasks and verbal-fluency-type tasks?

Back 43

Females!

Front 44

Are female or males better on spatial-relation-types tasks and mental-rotation-types tasks?

Back 44

Males!

Front 45

Large volumes of dorsal prefrontal and associated paralimbic regions

Back 45

Women

Front 46

Larger volume of more ventral prefrontal regions

Back 46

Men

Front 47

Medial Frontal Cortex

Back 47

Neurons in male rats have larger dendritic fields

Front 48

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Back 48

Neurons in female rats have larger dendritic fields

Front 49

Anomalous Speech Representation

Back 49

Condition in which a person's speech zones are located in the right hemisphere or in both hemispheres

Front 50

Synesthesia

Back 50

Ability to perceive a stimulus of one sense as the sensation of a different sense, as when sound produces a sensation of color

Front 51

Convergent Thinking

Back 51

Form of thinking that searches for a single answer to a question (such as 2 +2 =?)

People with temporal and pariental lobe lesion perform poorly on these types of tests

Front 52

Divergent Thinking

Back 52

Form of thinking that searches for multiple solutions to a problem (such as How many different ways can a pen be used?)

Front 53

Intelligence A

Back 53

Hebb's term for innate intellectual potential, which is highly heritable and cannot be measured directly

Front 54

Intelligence B

Back 54

Hebb's term for observed intelligence, which is influenced by experience as well as other factors in the course of development and is measured by intelligence tests

Front 55

Consciousness

Back 55

The mind's level of responsiveness to impressions made by the senses