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377 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The heart pumps ______ liters of blood thru the body each day
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7,000
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The cardiovascular system includes
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the heart & blood vessels
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The pulmonary circuit sends oxygen depleted blood to
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the lungs to pick up oxygen & unload carbon
dioxide.
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The systemic circuit sends
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oxygen rich blood & nutrients to the body cells & removes wastes.
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An average size of an adult heart is generally
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14 cm long & 9 cm wide
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The heart is bounded laterally by
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lungs, anteriorly by sternum, & posteriorly by vertebral column
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The base of the heart lies
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beneath the second rib
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The apex of the heart is at the level of
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fifth intercostal space
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The pericardium
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is a covering that enclosed the heart & the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches
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The fibrous pericardium
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is the outer fibrous layer of the pericardium
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The visceral pericardium
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is a serous membrane that is attached to the surface of the heart
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The parietal pericardium
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is a serous membrane that lines the fibrous layer of the pericardium
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The pericardial cavity
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is the space between the visceral pericardium & parietal pericardium
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Serous fluid reduces
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friction between the pericardial membranes as the heart moves
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The three layers of the heart wall are
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endocardium, myocardium, & pericardium
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The epicardium
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is composed of a serous membrane that consists of connective tissue covered by epithelium, & it includes blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, & nerve fibers
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The middle layer is
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the myocardium
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The myocardium is composed of
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cardiac muscle tissue
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The inner layer is
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the endocardium
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The endocardium consists of
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epithelium & connective tissue that contains manly elastic & collagenous fibers
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The endocardium also contains
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blood vessels & Purkinje fibers
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The endocardium of heart is continuous with
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the inner lining of the blood vessels attached to the heart
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The two upper chambers of the heart are
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the R atrium & the L atrium
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Auricles
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are small, earlike projections of the atria
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The two lower chambers of the heart are
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the R ventricle & the L ventricle
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The interatrial septum separates
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the R & L atrium
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The interventricular septum
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separates the R & L ventricles
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An atrioventricular orifice
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is an opening between an atrium & a ventricle
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An atrioventricular orifice is protected by
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an AV valve
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The atrioventricular sulcus is located
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between the atria & ventricles
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The R atrium receives blood from
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the superior & inferior vena cavae & the coronary sinus
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The tricuspid valve
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is located between the R atrium & R ventricle & FXs to prevent the back flow of blood into the R atrium
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Chordae tendinae
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fibrous strings
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Chordae tendinae
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fx to prevent cusps of AV valves from swinging back into atria
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Papillary muscles are located
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in ventricular walls & contract when the ventricles contract
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The R ventricle receives blood from
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the R atrium
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The R ventricle pumps blood into
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the pulmonary trunk
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The pulmonary trunk divides into
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pulmonary arteries
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Pulmonary arteries deliver blood to
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the lungs
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The pulmonary valve is located between
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the R ventricle & pulmonary trunk & opens when the R ventricle contracts
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Pulmonary veins
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carry blood from the lungs to the L atrium
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Blood passes from the L atrium into
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the L ventricle
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The mitral valve is located
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between the L atrium & L ventricle & FXs to prevent the back flow of blood into the L atrium
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The L ventricle pumps blood into
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the aorta
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The aortic valve is located between
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L ventricle & aorta & opens when the L ventricle contracts
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The tricuspid & mitral valves are also called
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AV valves
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The AV valves are positioned
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between atria & ventricles
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The pulmonary & aortic valves are also called
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semilunar valves because of their structures
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The skeleton of the heart is composed of
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rings of dense connective tissue & other masses of connective tissue in the interventricular septum
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The skeleton of the heart provides attachments for
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the heart valves & for muscle fibers
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Path of Blood thru the Heart
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1. Blood that is low in O2 & rich in CO2 enter the R atrium of the heart thru venae cavae & the coronary sinus. 2. As the R atrium contracts, blood passes into the R ventricle.
3. When the R ventricle contracts, blood moves into the pulmonary trunk. 4. From the pulmonary arteries blood enters the lungs.
5. The blood loses carbon dioxide in the lungs & picks up oxygen.
6. Freshly oxygenated blood returns to the heart thru pulmonary veins.
7. The pulmonary veins deliver blood to the L atrium.
8. When the L atrium contracts, blood passes into the L ventricle.
9. When the L ventricle contracts, blood passes into the aorta.
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The first two branches of the aorta are
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the L & R coronary arteries
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Coronary arteries
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supply blood to the tissues of the heart
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The circumflex artery is located and supplies blood to
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in the atrioventricular groove between the L atrium & L ventricle & supplies blood to the walls of the L atrium & L ventricle
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The anterior interventricular artery is located and supplies blood to
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in the anterior interventricular groove & supplies blood to walls of both ventricles
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The posterior interventricular artery is located and supplies to
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the posterior interventricular groove & supplies the posterior walls of both ventricles
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The marginal artery is located
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along the lower border of the heart & supplies blood to the wall of the R atrium & R ventricle |
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Blood flow in coronary arteries is poorest
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during ventricular contraction because the contracting myocardium interferes with blood flow & the openings of the coronary arteries are partially blocked by cusps of the aortic valve
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Cardiac veins drain blood
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that passes thru the capillaries of the myocardium
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The coronary sinus is
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an enlarged vein on the posterior surface of the heart |
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Atrial systole
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is atrial contraction
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Ventricular diastole
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is ventricular relaxation
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Atrial diastole
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is atrial relaxation
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Ventricular systole
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is ventricular contraction
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When the atria of the heart contract, the ventricles
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relax
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When the ventricles of the heart contract, the atria
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relax
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During a cardiac cycle
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the pressure within the heart chambers rises & falls which is what causes the valves to open & close
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The pressure in the ventricles is low during
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ventricular diastole
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During diastole, the AV valves are
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open
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About 70% of the blood
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flows passively from the atria into ventricles & the remaining blood is pushed into the ventricles when the atria contract
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As ventricles contract, the AV valves
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close
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When the pressure in the atria is lower than venous pressure
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blood flows from the veins into atria
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During ventricular systole, ventricular pressure
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increase & the pulmonary valves open.
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As blood flows out of the ventricles, ventricular pressure
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decrease
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The semilunar valves close when
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the pressure in the ventricles is lower than pressure in the aorta & pulmonary trunk
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Heart sounds are produced
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by the mvmnt of blood thru heart & by opening & closing of heart valve
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The first heart sound is
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lubb
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Lubb occurs
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during ventricular systole when the A
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V valves close
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The second heart sound is
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dubb
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Dubb occurs
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during ventricular diastole when the pulmonary & aortic valves close
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A murmur
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is an abnormal heart sound
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A FXal syncytium
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is a mass of merging cells that act as a unit
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Two syncytiums of the heart are in the
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atrial walls & the ventricular walls
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The atrial syncytium & ventricular syncytium are connected by
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fibers of the cardiac conduction system
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The cardiac conduction system is responsible for
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coordinating events of the cardiac cycle
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The SA node is located
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in the wall of the R atrium & initiates one impulse after another
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The SA node is called
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the pacemaker because it generates the heart’s rhythmic contractions
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As a cardiac impulse travels from the SA node into the atrial syncytium
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it goes from cell to cell via gap junctions
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Conducting fibers deliver impulses from____ to the _____
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the SA node to the AV node
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The AV node is located
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in the inferior part of the interatrial septum & provides the only normal conduction pathway between the atrial & ventricular syncytiums
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Impulses are delayed as they move thru the AV node because
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this allows time for atria to contract
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From the AV node, impulses pass to the
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AV bundle
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The AV bundle
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located in superior part of interventricular septum & gives rise to bundle branches
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Purkinje fibers carry impulses to
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distant regions of the ventricular myocardium
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The ventricular myocardium contracts as
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a FXing unit
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Purkinje fibers are located
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in the inferior portion of the interventricular septum, papillary muscles, & in the ventricular walls
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The ventricular walls contract with this type of motion, because
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a twisting motion because the muscle fibers in the ventricular walls form irregular whorls
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The twisting motion produces a _____ motion
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pushing
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Contraction of the ventricles begins at
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the apex of the heart & pushes blood superiorly toward the aortic & pulmonary semilunar valve
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An electrocardiogram
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is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
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An ECG is recorded by
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placing electrodes on the skin & connecting the electrodes to an instrument that respond to very weak electrical changes by moving a pen on a moving strip of paper
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A Pwave is produced when
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atrial fibers depolarize
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A QRS wave is produced when
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ventricular fibers depolarize
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A T wave is produced
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when the ventricular fibers repolarize
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Physician’s use ECG patterns to assess
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the heart’s ability to conduct impulses
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The volume of blood pumped changes to accommodate
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cellular requirements
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The parasympathetic nerve to the heart is the
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vagus nerve
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The vagus nerve innervates the
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SA & AV nodes
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The vagus nerve can alter HR by
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secreting acetylcholine onto the nodes
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Sympathetic fibers reach the heart via
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the accelerator nerves
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The endings of accelerator nerves secrete
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norepinephrine which increases the rate & force of myocardial contractions
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The cardiac control center controls
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the balance between the inhibitory actions of the parasympathetic nervous system & the stimulatory actions of the sympathetic nervous system
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Baroreceptors detect
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pressure changes
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When baroreceptors in the aorta detect an increase in pressure
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they signal the cardioinhibitory center of the medulla oblongata
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If BP is too high, the medulla oblongata
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sends parasympathetic impulses to the heart to decrease HR
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If venous BP increases abnormally
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sympathetic impulses flow to the heart & HR & contraction increases
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Rising body temperature
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increases heart action
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The most important ions that influence heart action are
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potassium & calcium
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Blood vessels form closed circuit of tubes
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carries blood from the heart to the body cells & back again
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Five types of blood vessels are
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arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, & vein
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Arteries conduct blood
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away from the heart & to arterioles
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Venules & veins conduct blood
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from capillaries & to the heart
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The capillaries are sites of exchange of
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substances between the blood & the body cell
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Arteries
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strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying blood away from heart under high pressure
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Arteries give rise to
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arterioles
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The three layers of the wall of an artery are
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the endothelium, tunica media, & tunica adventitia
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The inner layer of an artery is called
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endothelium
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Endothelium FXs
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to provide a smooth surface for blood flow & prevents blood clotting
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The middle layer of an artery is called
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the tunica media & is composed of smooth muscle fibers
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The outer layer of an artery
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tunica adventitia & consists of connective tissues with collagenous & elastic fibers
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The vasa vasorum of an artery
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is a series of blood vessels that supply the wall of large arteries
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The sympathetic nervous system innervates
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smooth muscle in arteries & arterioles
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Vasomotor fibers stimulate
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smooth muscle cells to contract, decreasing the diameter of the vessel
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Vasoconstriction
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is the contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls
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Vasodilation
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is the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels & occurs when the blood vessel diameter increase
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Changes in the diameters of arteries & arterioles greatly influence
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blood flow & BP
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The wall of a very small arteriole consists of
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an endothelium & some smooth muscle cells & CT
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Metarterioles
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are branches of arterioles & help regulate blood flow to an area
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Arteriovenous shunts
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are connections between arterioles & venous pathways
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The smallest diameter blood vessels are
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capillaries
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Capillaries connect
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arterioles to venules
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The wall of a capillary consists of
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endothelium
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The most permeable capillaries are located
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in the liver, spleen, & red bone marrow
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Protective & tight capillaries are located
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in the brain
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The higher a tissue’s rate of metabolism
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the denser its capillary networks
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Tissues richly supplied with capillaries are
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muscle & nervous tissues
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Tissues that lack capillaries are
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cartilage & epithelial tissues
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During exercise, blood is directed to
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capillary networks of skeletal muscle & it bypasses some of the capillary networks of the digestive tract
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Precapillary sphincters are located
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at the opening of capillaries
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Precapilary sphincters FX
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control the flow of blood into a capillary
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When cells have low concentrations of oxygen
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precapillary sphincters relax & blood flow increases.
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The vital FX of exchanging gases, nutrients, & metabolic by products between the blood & the tissue fluid surrounding body cells occurs in the
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capillaries
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Biochemicals move thru capillary walls by
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diffusion, filtration, & osmosis
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Diffusion
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is the most important means of transfer.
Oxygen & nutrients diffuse out of the capillary walls into surrounding cells because they are in a lower concentration in surrounding cells
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Carbon dioxide & other wastes
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diffuse into the capillary blood because they are in a lower concentration in the capillary blood
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Plasma proteins remain in blood because
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they are too big to cross thru capillary wall
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In filtration
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hydrostatic pressure forces molecules thru a membrane
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In the capillaries, the force for filtration is provided by
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BP
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BP is greater at the
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arteriole end of the capillary
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Colloid osmotic pressure
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osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins in blood of capillaries
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At the arteriolar end of the capillary
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filtration predominates
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At the venular end of the capillary
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osmotic pressure predominates
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Venules
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are blood vessels that continue from capillaries & merge to form veins
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The middle layer of the wall of a vein
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is very thin & poorly developed compared to that of an artery
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The FX of valves in veins
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is to keep blood flowing toward the heart
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Veins also FX
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as blood reservoirs
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BP
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is the force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels
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BP most commonly refers to
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pressure in arteries.
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Systolic pressure
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is the maximum pressure & is created when the ventricles contract
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Diastolic pressure
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is the minimum pressure & is created when the ventricles relax
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A pulse
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is the alternate expanding & recoiling of an arterial wall
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Common places to detect a pulse are
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the radial artery, the brachial artery, the carotid artery, the temporal artery, the facial artery, the femoral artery, the popliteal artery, & the posterior tibial artery
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Stroke volume
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is the volume of blood discharged from the ventricle with one contraction
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Cardiac output
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is the volume of blood discharged from a ventricle in one minute
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If stroke volume or HR increases
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cardiac output increases
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Blood volume
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the sum of the formed elements & plasma volumes in the vascular system
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BP is normally directly proportional
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to blood volume
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Peripheral resistance
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is the friction between blood & the walls of the blood vessels
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If peripheral resistance increases,
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blood flow decreases & BP decreases |
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Dilation of blood vessels reduces
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peripheral resistance
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Viscosity
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is the thickness of a fluid
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As blood viscosity rises, BP
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increases
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Blood cells & plasma proteins contribute to
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blood viscosity
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BP is determined by
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cardiac output & peripheral resistance
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Cardiac output depends on
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the stroke volume & HR
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Stroke volume
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is the difference between EDV & ESV
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End Diastolic Volume
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is the volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
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End Systolic Volume
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is the volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular systole
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Factors affecting stoke volume & HR are
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mechanical, neural, & chemical
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Preload
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is the mechanical stretching of a ventricular wall prior to ventricular contraction
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The greater the EDV
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the greater the preload lengthening of myocardial fibers
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Starling’s Law of the Heart
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is the relationship between fiber length & force of contraction
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The more blood that enters the heart
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the greater the ventricular distention, the stronger the ventricular contractions, the greater the stroke volume & the greater the cardiac output
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The less blood that returns from veins to the heart
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the less ventricular distension, the weaker the ventricular contractions, the lesser the stroke volume & the lesser the cardiac output
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Starling’s Law of the Heart
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ensures that the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering its chambers
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If BP rises, baroreceptors initiate
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the cardioinhibitory reflex which decreases BP
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If BP falls, the cardioaccelerator reflex occurs which
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increases sympathetic stimulation to the heart, which increases HR & cardiac output, which increases BP
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Other factors that increase HR & BP are
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emotional responses, exercise, & a rise in body temperature
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When arterial BP suddenly increases
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baroreceptors signal the vasomotor center, & sympathetic outflow to arterial walls decrease, which results in a decrease in BP
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Chemicals that influence peripheral resistance
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are carbon dioxide, oxygen, & hydrogen ions
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BP _____ as the blood moves thru the arterial system into capillary networks
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decreases |
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Blood flow thru the venous system largely depends on
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skeletal muscle contractions & valves in veins
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The squeezing action of skeletal muscles helps push blood
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toward the heart
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During inspiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity is
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reduced & the pressure in the abdominal cavity increases
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An increase in abdominal pressure will squeeze blood out of
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abdominal veins
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When venous pressure is low
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sympathetic reflexes stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of the veins to contract
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Central venous pressure (CVP)
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is the pressure within the heart
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CVP is of special interest because
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it affects the pressure within the peripheral veins
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Other factors that increase CVP are
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an increase in blood volume or widespread venoconstriction
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An increase in CVP can lead to
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peripheral edema
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The two major pathways of blood vessels are
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the pulmonary circuit & the systemic circuit
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The pulmonary circuit consists of
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vessels that carry blood from heart to the lungs & back to the heart
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The systemic circuit carries blood
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from the heart to all parts of the body & back again
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Pulmonary Circuit
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Blood enters the pulmonary circuit as it leaves the R ventricle thru the pulmonary trunk
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The pulmonary trunk divides into
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pulmonary arteries
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Within the lungs the pulmonary arteries divide into
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lobar branches
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The lobar branches give rise to
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arterioles that continue into capillary networks
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The blood in the arteries & arterioles of the pulmonary circuit is
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low in oxygen & high in carbon dioxide
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Gases are exchanged between the blood & the air as the blood moves thru
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alveolar capillaries
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The arterial pressure in the pulmonary circuit is less than in the systemic circuit because
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the R ventricle contracts with a force less than that of the L ventricle
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Higher osmotic pressure of the blood removes
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any fluid that gets into the alveoli
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Blood entering the venules of the pulmonary circuit is
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oxygen rich & low in carbon dioxide
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Venules merge to form
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veins
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Pulmonary veins return blood to the
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L atrium & this completes the pulmonary circuit
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Freshly oxygenated blood moves from
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the L atrium to the L ventricle
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Contraction of the L ventricle
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forces blood into the systemic circuit
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The systemic circuit includes
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the aorta & its branches that lead to all of the body tissues, as well as the companion system of veins that returns blood to the R atrium
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The aorta
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is the largest diameter artery in the body
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The aorta extends
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upward from the L ventricle, arches over the heart to the L, & descends just anterior & to the L of the vertebral column
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The ascending aorta
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is the first portion of the aorta
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An aortic sinus is
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a swelling of the aortic wall
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Coronary arteries arise from
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the aortic sinus
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Aortic bodies are small structures located
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within the aortic sinuses & contain chemoreceptors that sense blood concentrations of oxygen & carbon dioxide
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Three arteries originating from the aortic arch are
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the brachiocephalic artery, the L common carotid artery, & the L subclavian artery
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The brachiocephalic artery supplies
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blood to the tissues of the upper limb & head
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The brachiocephalic divides
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into the R common carotid artery & the R subclavian
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The common carotids supply blood to
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the head & neck
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The subclavian arteries supply
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blood to the arms
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The descending aorta moves thru
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the thoracic & abdominal cavity
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The thoracic aorta
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is portion of the descending aorta above the diaphragm
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Branches of the thoracic aorta are
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the bronchial, pericardial, & esophageal arteries
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The abdominal aorta
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is the portion of the descending aorta below the diaphragm
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Branches of the abdominal aorta are
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celiac, phrenic, superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, lumbar, & middle sacral arteries
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The celiac artery gives rise to
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gastric, splenic, & hepatic arteries which supply upper portions of the digestive tract, spleen & liver
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Phrenic arteries supply
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the diaphragm
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The superior mesenteric artery branches to
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many parts of the intestinal tract
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The suprarenal arteries supply
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the adrenal glands
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The renal arteries supply
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the kidneys
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The gonadal arteries supply
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the ovaries & testes
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The inferior mesenteric artery branches
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into arteries leading to lower colon, sigmoid colon, & rectum
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Lumbar arteries supply
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muscle of the skin & posterior abdominal wall
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The middle sacral artery supplies
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the sacrum & coccyx
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The abdominal aorta terminates
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near the brim of the pelvis & divides into common iliac arteries
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The common iliac arteries supply
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lower regions of abd wall, pelvic organs, & the lower extremities |
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Branches of the subclavian & common carotids supply
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structures within the neck, head, & brain
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The main divisions of the subclavian artery to the neck, head, & brain are the
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vertebral, thyrocervical, & costocervical arteries
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The common carotid artery communicates with these regions by means of
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the internal & external carotid arteries
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The vertebral arteries arise from
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the subclavian arteries & supply the base of the neck
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A basilar artery is formed by
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the union of vertebral arteries
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The basilar artery divides into
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posterior cerebral arteries
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The basilar artery supply
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portions of the occipital & temporal lobes of the cerebrum
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The cerebral arterial circle is formed by
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the posterior cerebral arteries
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FXs of the cerebral arterial circle are
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supply brain tissue & to provide alternate routes thru for blood to reach brain to circumvent for blockages & equalize BP in the brain’s blood supply
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Thyrocervical arteries give rise to branches to
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the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, & pharynx
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Costocervical arteries carry blood to
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muscles of the neck, back & thoracic wall
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The common carotid arteries ascend deeply within
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the neck & divide to form internal & external carotid arteries
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The external carotid artery gives off branches to
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structures of neck, face, jaw, scalp, & base of skull
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Main branches off external carotid arteries are
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superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital & posterior auricular arteries
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The superior thyroid artery supplies
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the hyoid bone, larynx, & thyroid gland
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The lingual artery supplies
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the tongue & salivary glands
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The facial artery supplies
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the pharynx, palate, chin, lips, & nose
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The occipital artery supplies
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back of scalp, meninges, mastoid process, & muscles of neck
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The posterior auricular artery supplies
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the ear & scalp over the ear
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The external carotid artery terminates
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by dividing into maxillary & superficial temporal arteries
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The maxillary artery supplies
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the teeth, gums, jaws, cheek, nasal cavity, eyelids, & meninges
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The temporal artery supplies
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the parotid glands & various regions of the face & scalp
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The major branches of internal carotid artery are
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ophthalmic, posterior communicating, & anterior choroid arteries
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The ophthalmic artery supplies
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the eyeball & various muscles & accessory organs within the orbit
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The posterior communicating artery forms
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part of the cerebral arterial circle
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The anterior choroids artery supplies
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the choroid plexus & structures within the brain
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The internal carotid artery terminates
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by dividing into anterior & middle cerebral arteries
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The middle cerebral artery supplies
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the lateral surfaces of the cerebrum
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The anterior cerebral artery supplies
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the medial surfaces of the cerebrum
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A carotid sinus
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is an enlargement of each carotid artery & contains baroreceptors that control BP
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As it passes into the arm, the subclavian artery becomes
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the axillary artery
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The axillary artery supplies structures of the
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axilla & chest wall
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The axillary artery becomes
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the brachial artery
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The brachial artery gives rise to
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deep brachial artery
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The branches of the brachial artery supply
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structures of the arm
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Within the elbow, the brachial artery divides
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into ulnar & radial arteries
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The branches of the ulnar artery supply
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structures on the ulnar side of the forearm
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The branches of the radial artery supply
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structures on the radial side of the forearm
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Blood supply to the wrist, hands, & fingers come from branches of the
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radial & ulnar arteries
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The internal thoracic artery is a branch of
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a subclavian artery
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The internal thoracic artery gives off
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2 anterior intercostal arteries to each upper 6 intercostal spaces
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The anterior intercostals arteries supply
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intercostal muscles & mammary glands
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Intercostals arteries arise from
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aorta & enter intercostal spaces between 3rd thru 11th ribs
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The posterior intercostals arteries supply
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intercostal muscles, the vertebrae, the spinal cord, & deep muscles of the back
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Branches of the internal thoracic & external iliac arteries provide blood to
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the anterior abdominal wall
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Phrenic & lumbar arteries supply
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the posterior & lateral abdominal wall
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The abdominal aorta divides to form
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common iliac arteries
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The common iliac arteries provide blood to
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pelvic organs, gluteal & lower limbs
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Each common iliac divides into
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internal & external iliacs
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The internal iliac artery gives off
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branches to pelvic organs & muscles, genitals, & gluteal muscles
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Branches of the internal iliac artery are
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iliolumbar, gluteal, internal pudendal, vesical, middle rectal, & uterine arteries
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The iliolumbar arteries supply
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the ilium & muscles of the back
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Superior & inferior gluteal arteries supply
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gluteal muscles, pelvic muscles, & skin of the buttocks
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The external iliac artery provides the main blood supply tolower limbs
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to the lower limbs |
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Important subdivisions of the femoral artery are
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superficial circumflex iliac artery, superficial epigastric artery, pudendal arteries, deep femoral, & deep genicular arteries.
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Superficial circumflex iliac arteries supply
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skin & lymph nodes of the groin
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Superficial epigastric arteries supply
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skin of lower abdominal wall
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Superficial & deep external pudendal arteries supply
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skin of lower abdomen & external genitalia
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Deep femoral arteries supply
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the hip joint & thigh muscles
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Deep genicular arteries
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supply thigh muscles & knee joint
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The popliteal artery
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is derived from the femoral artery
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Branches of the popliteal artery supply
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the knee joint & muscles of the thigh & calf
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The popliteal artery divides into
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anterior & posterior tibial arteries
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The anterior tibial artery supplies
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skin & muscles of the leg
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The dorsalis pedis artery
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is derived from the anterior tibial artery
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The posterior tibial artery supplies
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skin & muscles of the leg
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The posterior tibial artery divides into
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medial & lateral plantar arteries which supply the foot
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The fibular artery
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is the largest branch of the posterior tibial artery & supplies the ankle
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The vessels of the venous system begin with
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the merging capillaries into venules, venules into small veins, & small veins into larger ones
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Venous pathways are hard to follow because
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veins commonly connect in irregular network
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The larger veins typically parallel
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arteries
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The veins from most body parts converge into
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superior & inferior vena cavae
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The external jugular veins
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drain blood from the face, scalp, & superficial regions of the neck
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The external jugular veins empty into
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subclavian veins
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The internal jugular veins arise from
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numerous veins & venous sinuses of the brain & from deep veins in various parts of the face & neck
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The brachiocephalic veins are formed from
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internal jugular & subclavian veins
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The brachiocephalic veins merge to give rise to
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the superior vena cava. A set of deep veins & a set of superficial veins drain the upper limb
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The deep veins generally
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parallel the arteries in each region
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The superficial veins connect
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in complex networks beneath the skin & also communicate with deep vessels of the upper limb
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The main vessels of the superficial network are
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the basilic & cephalic veins
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The basilic vein is located
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along the back of the forearm on the ulnar side & along the anterior surface of the elbow & joins the brachial vein
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The axillary vein is formed by
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basilic & brachial veins
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The cephalic veins are located
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on the lateral side of the upper limb & empties into the axillary vein
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Beyond the axilla, the axillary vein becomes
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the subclavian vein
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The azygos vein originates
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in the dorsal abdominal wall & ascends thru the mediastinum on the R side of the vertebral columns
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The azygos vein drains
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muscle tissue of the thoracic & abdominal walls
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The hepatic portal vein drains
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the stomach, intestine, pancreas, & spleen & carries blood to the liver
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The hepatic portal system
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is venous pathway that includes hepatic portal vein & hepatic sinusoids
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Tributaries of the hepatic portal system include
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gastric veins, superior mesenteric, & splenic veins
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The gastric veins drain
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the stomach
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Superior mesenteric veins drain
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the intestines
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Splenic veins drain
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the spleen, pancreas, & a portion of the stomach
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The blood flowing to the liver in the hepatic portal system is
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oxygen poor & nutrient rich
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The liver
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metabolizes the nutrients
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Kupffer cells are located and function
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in hepatic sinusoids & FX to phagocytize microbes
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Blood leaves the liver thru
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hepatic veins
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Hepatic veins empty blood into
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the inferior vena cava
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Veins that empty into the inferior vena cava are
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lumbar, gonadal, renal, suprarenal, & phrenic veins
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Veins that drain the lower limb can be divided into
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deep & superficial groups
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The deep veins of the leg have names that
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correspond to arteries that they accompany
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The popliteal vein is formed from
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tibial veins
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The femoral vein originates from
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the popliteal vein
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The external iliac vein originates from
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the femoral vein
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The small saphenous vein begins
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in lateral portion of foot & passes upward behind lateral malleolus
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The longest vein of the body is the
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great saphenous vein
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The saphenous veins communicate with
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deep veins of the leg & thigh
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In the pelvic region, vessels leading to internal iliac veins carry
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blood away from organs of reproduction, urinary, & digestive systems
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Tributaries that form internal iliac vein are
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gluteal, pudendal, vesical, rectal, uterine, & vaginal veins
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The common iliac veins are formed from
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external iliac & internal iliac veins.
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The common iliac veins merge
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to form inferior vena cava.
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Sixty percent of men over the age of sixty
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have at least one narrowed coronary artery
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Some degree of cholesterol deposition in blood vessels
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may be part of normal aging
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During exercise, cardiac output dreases with age
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decreases with age
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Cardiovascular disease may cause
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enlargement of the heart
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With aging the number of cardiac muscle fibers in the heart
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fall & fibrous & adipose tissue increases
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With age, heart valves begin
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to thicken
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Systolic BP
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increases with age
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The increase in systolic BP is due to
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the decreasing diameters & elasticity of arteries.
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Resting HR
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decreases with age
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With age, changes in arteries include
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thickening of the tunica interna & a decrease of elasticity
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The number of capillaries
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declines with age
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Exercise can help maintain
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a “young” vascular system
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Veins carry blood directly to |
atria of the heart, except those of the hepatic portal system |
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