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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The neural plate is the precursor to: which is the precursor of the:
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Neural plate --> neural tube --> CNS
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What does the primitive node secrete to form the neural plate? What does this inhibit?
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Chordin, Follistatin, Noggin - they inhibit BMP and increase FGF
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What happens when BMP and FGF are inhibited?
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There's proliferation of the ectoderm, forming a thick neural plate (Ectoderm)
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What type of tissue is just below the neural ectoderm?
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Mesoderm (See pg1 notes)
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Fusion of the neuro folds happens when?
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Approx day 22
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Describe how the three different regions of the brain are set up:
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The neuropore marks the location of the midbrain - cranial to that is the forebrain; caudal to it is the hindbrain
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Primary neurolation sets up C1 to C2 and forms the brain and spinal cord. What does secondary neurlation set up?
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S3 to Coccygeal level.
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What is convergent extension
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Caudal portion narrowing in transverse plane and lengthening in longitudinal plane.
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How can anencephaly be diagnosed before birth?
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Alpha fetoprotein and ultrasound
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Meningoencephalocele vs Meningocele? IS this a
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Meningoencephalocele has brain and meningial covering herniation - devastating. Meningocele only has small skull defect - asymptomatic
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Secondary neurulation defects are minor - describe
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They are convered with skin; may be dysraphic; eg lipomyelomeningocele, lipomeningocele, tether cord.
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Where are primary nerulation defects found?
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They are faulty closures of neural folds and thus are located dorsally and at the midline; also defects usually occur at the ends of the neural tube.
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Encephalocele vs Cranial Meningocele?
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Encephalocele has brain tissue in the defect. Cranial meningocele has small defect and just cerebrospinal fluid in it.
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What happens with Cranium Bifidum? (its sort of in the name)
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Meninges herniates between skull bones.
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What is the sulcus limitans
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forms a motor/sensory boundry
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Failure of what causes Holoprosenchphaly? what often causes it?
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Prosenphalon Regionlization. AlcoHOL obuse.
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The brain is made up of:
The brain stem is made up of: |
Brain: Diencephalon, Telencephalon
Brainstem: Mesencephalon, MEtaencephalon, Myelencephalon |
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What is Megalencephaly?
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It is over growth of neurons - big head - may or may not affect cognition of pt
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Lissencephaly - what is it and what are the symptoms?
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smooth brain = poor repsonsiveness and feeding, sezures, low muscle tone, microcephaly and developmental delay.
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Non-communicating vs Communicating hydrocephalus?
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Non = CSF cannot get into subarachnoid space with blockage usually at cerebral aqueduct.
Communicating = CSF can get to subarachnoid space but cannot reach arachnoid granulations for absorption. |
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What happens in Arnold-Chiari Malformation? What is it often associated with?
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Brain stem is forced through foramen magnum. Associated with myelomeningocele, myeloschisis, syringomyeloia,
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