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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is evolution?
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all the changes that have transformed life over an immense time
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What is adaptation?
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an inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
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What is descent with modification?
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the descendants of the earliest organisms spread into various habitats over millions of years
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What is natural selection?
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the process where individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring on average than do other individuals
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What are fossils?
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preserved remains or markings left by organisms that lived in the past
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What is a fossil record?
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the chronological collection of lives remains in the rock layers, recored during the passage of time
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What does extinct mean?
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a species that no longer exists
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What is a homologous structure?
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similar structures in species sharing a common ancestor
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What is a vestigial structure?
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remnants of structures that may have had important function in an ancestral species, but have no clear function in some of the modern descendants
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What is a fossil?
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preserved remains left by organisms that lived in the past
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What is a fossil record?
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the chronological collection of life's remains in the in the rock layers
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What does extinct mean?
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species that no longer exist
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What is a homologous structure?
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similar structures in a species sharing a common ancestor ( human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, and bat wing )
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What are vestigial structures?
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remnants of structures that might have been important in the past, but are no longer important in modern species
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What is a population?
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a group of the same species living in the same area at the same time
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What is variation?
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differences among members of the same species
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What is artificial selection?
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When humans control the outcome
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What is a gene pool?
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consists of all the alleles ( alternative forms of genes ) in all individuals that make up a population
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What is microevolution?
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evolution on the smallest scale
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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contrasts microevolution; populations dont undergo change to their gene pools and don't evolve - usually it doesn't last for long ( it is a condition )
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What is genetic drift?
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evolution due to chance
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What is gene flow?
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the exchange of genes with another population
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What is fitness?
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the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation compared to the contributions of other individuals
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What is the biological species concept?
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defines a species as a population or group of populations whose members can produce fertile offspring
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What is macroevolution?
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a more broad scale of evolution; includes origin and extinction of species, and development of new major features ( wings, fur, etc. )
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What is speciation?
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the origin of new species
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What is reproductive isolation?
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When a reproductive barrier keeps two species from interbreeding
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What is geographic isolation?
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separation of populations as a result of geographic change ( like a mountain separates them )
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What is adaptive radiation?
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evolution from a common ancestor that results in diverse species adapted to different environments ( galapagos example )
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What is punctuated equilibrium?
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a model that suggests that species often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change
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What is embryology?
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the study of the processes of multicellular organisms as they develop in the womb
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What is a geologic time scale?
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four periods of earths history: precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic and cenozoic
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What is a stromatolite?
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layered, dome-shaped rocks
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What is archaea?
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prokaryotes that live in extreme environments
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What is bacteria?
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prokaryotes that live in mud and are composed differently from archaea
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What is the shape of coccus?
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spherical
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What is the shape of bacillus?
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rod
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What is the shape of spirochete?
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spiral
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What is binary fission?
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reproduction of bacteria
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What is an endospore?
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protective layer so that bacteria can survive ( HIBERNATE ) when conditions are harsh
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What is bioremediation?
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the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the natural elements
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What is a pathogen?
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bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease
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What is the lytic cycle?
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see page 373
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What is the lysogenic cycle?
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see page 373
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What is a retrovirus?
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viruses that infect the host cell with RNA but then change it to DNA
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What is a vaccine?
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deactivated pathogens ( can't reproduce ) that stimulate the immune system to defend against the actual pathogen
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