14. Genes

Front 1

True breeding

Back 1

when plants pollinate themselves and produce plants that are of the same kind as them

Front 2

Hybridization

Back 2

crossing 2 true breeding plants

Front 3

P generation

Back 3

parents

Front 4

F1 generation

Back 4

hybrid offspring of P generation

Front 5

F2 generation

Back 5

product of self-pollination of F1

Front 6

2 fundamental principles of heredity

Back 6

1. Law of segregation and 2. independent assortment

Front 7

4 ideas that form mendel’s thesis

Back 7

1. Alternate genes account for varied traits 2.each parent donates one allele 3.dominant alleles are expressed and 4.alleles segregate during mitosis.

Front 8

Alleles

Back 8

alternate variations of genes

Front 9

Law of segregation

Back 9

each gamete has only one allele per gene

Front 10

Punnett square

Back 10

diagram to determine possible combinations

Front 11

Homozygous

Back 11

organism with matching alleles

Front 12

Heterozygous

Back 12

organism with varied alleles

Front 13

Phenotype

Back 13

traits, on a visible level

Front 14

Genotype

Back 14

traits on a genetic level

Front 15

Testcross

Back 15

breeding recessive homozygote with an organism with dominate phenotype and unknown genotype

Front 16

Monohybrids

Back 16

organisms bread with only one trait tracked

Front 17

Dihybrids

Back 17

2 characteristics are tracked, both heterozygous, in the cross

Front 18

Law of independent assortment

Back 18

each allele sorted alone in gamete production

Front 19

Independent events

Back 19

events not affected by other trials of the same test

Front 20

Rule of multiplication

Back 20

probability of 2 events multiplied = the probability that both will occur

Front 21

Rule of addition

Back 21

the probability an event will occur = the sum of the possible ways it could occur

Front 22

Incomplete dominance

Back 22

F1 hybrids appear as a mixture of the genes of the parents, alleles remain partially intact

Front 23

Complete dominance

Back 23

in any organism with a dominant trait that is the only one that appears

Front 24

Codominance

Back 24

alleles affect the phenotype differently but equally (like in human blood type)

Front 25

Pleiotopy

Back 25

a gene’s ability to affect an organism in multiple ways

Front 26

Epistas

Back 26

one gene affects another gene at a separate locus

Front 27

Quantive characters

Back 27

characters that vary along a gradient

Front 28

Polygenic inheritance

Back 28

multiple genes affect the same character

Front 29

Norm of reaction

Back 29

for a certain genotype, the breadth of possible phenotypes

Front 30

Multifactoral

Back 30

characters defined by many factors (i.e. genes, environment)

Front 31

Phenotype (broad)

Back 31

entire genetic make up

Front 32

Genotype (broad)

Back 32

all apparent characters

Front 33

Pedigree

Back 33

tree describing familial relationships

Front 34

Carriers

Back 34

heterozygotes that don’t have a disease but carry the gene for it

Front 35

Amniocentesis

Back 35

testing of amniotic fluid for chromosomes carrying defects

Front 36

Chronic villus sampling (CVS)

Back 36

testing of placenta for chromosomes carrying defects