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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an example of a positive transcription control?
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Positive control means a protein binds to the DNA which increases transcription. (example: Catabolic activator protein)
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regulatory proteins= DNA binding proteins
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true
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Bacteria have a variety of pathways that allow them to use different materials. Genes that code for a particular pathway are clustered together.
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True
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True or False: RNA polymerase sits on the promoter
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True
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For repression/inducing, you only need to know the first few steps
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Instruction to myself
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cyclic AMP is an internal sensor for the cell that tells how much glucose is available
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true
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E. coli and its viruses are called ______________ because of their frequent use by researchers in studies that reveal broad biological principles
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model systems
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Viruses are very small infectious particles consisting of _____________ enclosed in a _____________ and, in some cases, a ______________
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nucleic acid, protein coat, membranous envelope
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True or False: Viral genomes may consist of Double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA
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True.
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______________ have the most complex capsids found among viruses
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Bacteriaphages
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True or False: Phages have an elongated capsid head that encloses their DNA
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True.
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True or False: Phages lack a capsid head to enclose their DNA
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False.
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True or False: A protein tailpiece attaches the phage to the host and injects the phage DNA inside
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True.
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A protein _________ attaches the phage to the host and injects the phage DNA inside
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tailpiece
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A ________ tailpiece attaches the phage to the host and injects the phage DNA inside
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protein
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Contributors to the genetic diversity of bacteria:
* _______________ * _______________ * _______________ |
* Rapid reproduction
* mutation * genetic recombination |
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Contributors to the genetic diversity of bacteria:
* _______________ * mutation * _______________ |
* Rapid reproduction
* mutation * genetic recombination |
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True or False: The bacterial chromosome is usually a circular DNA molecule with few associated proteins
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True
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The bacterial chromosome is usually a ________ DNA molecule with few associated proteins
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circular
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True or False: The bacterial chromosome is usually a linear DNA molecule with few associated proteins
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False. The bacterial chromosome is usually a circular DNA molecule with few associated proteins
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In bacteria one can easily identify new mutations by growing bacteria in medium that does not have ______________.
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amino acid
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True or False: In bacteria one can easily identify new mutations by growing bacteria in medium that does not have amino acid.
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True
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True or False: In bacteria one can easily identify new mutations by growing bacteria in medium that does not have carbon.
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False: In bacteria one can easily identify new mutations by growing bacteria in medium that does not have amino acid.
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Mutant bacteria that require added amino acids are called ____________. Their wild type counterparts are called ____________.
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auxotrophs; prototrophs
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True or False: Mutant bacteria that require added amino acids are called auxotrophs. Their wild type counterparts are called prototrophs
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True
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True or False: Mutant bacteria that require added amino acids are called prototrophs. Their wild type counterparts are called auxotrophs.
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False: Mutant bacteria that require added amino acids are called auxotrophs. Their wild type counterparts are called prototrophs
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Three processes bring bacterial DNA from different individuals together:
* ______________ * ______________ * ______________ |
Three processes bring bacterial DNA from different individuals together:
Transformation Transduction Conjugation |
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Three processes bring bacterial DNA from different individuals together:
* ______________ * ______________ * Conjugation |
Three processes bring bacterial DNA from different individuals together:
Transformation Transduction Conjugation |
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What is Transformation?
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Transformation is the alteration of a bacterial cell’s genotype and phenotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment
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What is shown here?
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Transformation
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What is transduction?
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In the process known as transduction, phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another
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“Maleness,” the ability to form a sex pilus and donate DNA, results from an _____________ as part of the chromosome or as a plasmid
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F (for fertility) factor
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True or False: “Maleness,” the ability to form a sex pilus and donate DNA, results from an F factor as part of the chromosome or as a plasmid
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True
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True or False: “Maleness,” the ability to form a sex pilus and donate DNA, results from an M factor as part of the chromosome or as a plasmid
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False. “Maleness,” the ability to form a sex pilus and donate DNA, results from an F factor as part of the chromosome or as a plasmid
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True or False: Plasmids, including the F plasmid, are small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules
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True
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True or False: Plasmids, including the F plasmid, are small, linear, self-replicating DNA molecules
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False: Plasmids, including the F plasmid, are small, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules
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A cell with a built-in F factor is called an _________ cell
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Hfr
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The F factor of an Hfr cell brings some ________________ along when transferred to an F– cell
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chromosomal DNA
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True or False: R plasmids confer resistance to various antibiotics
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True.
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True or False: F plasmids confer resistance to various antibiotics
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False: R plasmids confer resistance to various antibiotics
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True or False: R plasmids confer resistance to T2 bacteriaphages.
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False: R plasmids confer resistance to various antibiotics
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_______________, often called “jumping genes,” contribute to genetic shuffling in bacteria
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Transposable elements
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Transposable elements, often called “_____________,” contribute to genetic shuffling in bacteria
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jumping genes
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True or False: The simplest transposable elements, called insertion sequences, exist only in bacteria
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True
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The simplest transposable elements, called ______________, exist only in bacteria
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insertion sequences
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The simplest transposable elements, called insertion sequences, exist only in ___________
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bacteria
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True or False: The simplest transposable elements, called conjugated sequences, exist only in bacteria
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False: The simplest transposable elements, called insertion sequences, exist only in bacteria
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True or False: An insertion sequence has a single gene for transposase, an enzyme catalyzing movement of the insertion sequence from one site to another within the genome
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True.
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An _______________ has a single gene for transposase, an enzyme catalyzing movement of the insertion sequence from one site to another within the genome
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insertion sequence
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An insertion sequence has [how many genes] for transposase, an enzyme catalyzing movement of the insertion sequence from one site to another within the genome
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1
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An insertion sequence has a single gene for ______________, an enzyme catalyzing movement of the insertion sequence from one site to another within the genome
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transposase
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Transposable elements called ______________ are longer and more complex than insertion sequences
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transposons
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True or False: Transposable elements called transposons are longer and more complex than insertion sequences
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True
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True or False: Transposable elements called transposons are simpler and more rare than insertion sequences
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False: Transposable elements called transposons are longer and more complex than insertion sequences
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In addition to DNA required for transposition, ____________ have extra genes that “go along for the ride,” such as genes for antibiotic resistance
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transposons
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What are Transposons?
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Transposable elements called transposons are longer and more complex than insertion sequences
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True or False: Genes are expressed (transcribed and translated) when their products are needed
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True
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Genes are expressed (transcribed and translated) when _______________
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their products are needed
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True or False: Genes are expressed (transcribed and translated) during DNA synthesis.
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False: Genes are expressed (transcribed and translated) when their products are needed
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Metabolic control occurs on two levels:
* _________________ * _________________ |
Metabolic control occurs on two levels:
Adjusting activity of metabolic enzymes Regulating genes that encode metabolic enzymes |
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Operons are composed of:
* ______________ * ______________ * ______________ |
Operons are composed of:
An operator, an “on-off” switch A promoter Genes for metabolic enzymes |
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An operon can be switched ____ by a protein called a repressor
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off
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An operon can be switched off by a protein called a __________
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repressor
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A _____________ is a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor to switch an operon off
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corepressor
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A corepressor is a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor to switch an operon ____
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off
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A corepressor is a small molecule that cooperates with a ___________ to switch an operon off
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repressor
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When the repressor binds to the operator, transcription is __________
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prevented
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Repressible and Inducible Operons: Two Types of ____________ Gene Regulation
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negative
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A repressible operon is one that is usually ___
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on
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The trp operon is a ________ operon
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repressible
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An ___________ operon is one that is usually off
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inducible
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An inducible operon is one that is usually ____; a molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription
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off
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An inducible operon is one that is usually off; a molecule called an __________ inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription
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inducer
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_______ & ________ figured out the first operon in E.coli: lac operon. They got the Nobel prize for their work
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Jacob and Monod
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The primary source of food for bacteria is __________
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glucose
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Inducible enzymes usually function in ______________
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catabolic pathways
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Repressible enzymes usually function in _____________
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anabolic pathways
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_____________ enzymes usually function in anabolic pathways
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Repressible
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Regulation of the trp and lac operons involves ________ control of genes because operons are switched off by the active form of the repressor
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negative
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Regulation of the trp and lac operons involves ________ control of genes
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negative
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Tryptophan is a _________
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corepressor
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Some operons are also subject to positive control through a stimulatory activator protein, such as _________________
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catabolite activator protein
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catabolite activator protein is an example of a [positive or negative] control.
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Positive
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When glucose (a preferred food source of E. coli ) is scarce, the lac operon is _________ by the binding of CAP
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activated
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When glucose levels increase, CAP detaches from the lac operon, turning it ____
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off
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Process in which genes normally off get turned on is known as _____________
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induction
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Lactose present, glucose scarce (cAMP level ____): abundant __________ synthesized
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high; lac mRNA
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