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44 Cards in this Set
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demography |
the study of thesize, composition, growth (orshrinkage), and distribution ofhuman populations |
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Malthus theorem |
the study of thesize, composition, growth (orshrinkage), and distribution ofhuman populations |
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exponenetial growth curve |
apattern of growth in which numbersdouble during approximately equalintervals, showing a steep accelerationin the later stages |
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demographic transmission |
a threestagehistorical process of changein the size of populations: first, highbirth rates and high death rates;second, high birth rates and lowdeath rates; and third, low birthrates and low death rates; a fourthstage of population shrinkage inwhich deaths outnumber births hasmade its appearance in the MostIndustrialized Nations |
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population shrinkage |
the processby which a country’s populationbecomes smaller because itsbirth rate and immigration are toolow to replace those who die andemigrate |
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population pyramid |
a graphthat represents the age and sex ofa population (see Figure 14.7) |
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demographic variables |
the threefactors that change the size of apopulation: fertility, mortality, andnet migration |
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fertility rates |
the number of childrenthat the average woman bears |
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fecundity |
the number of childrenthat women are capable of bearing |
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crude birth rate |
the annual numberof live births per 1,000 population |
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crude death rate |
the annual numberof deaths per 1,000 population |
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NET MIGRATION RATE |
the differencebetween the number of immigrantsand emigrants per 1,000 population |
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basic demographic equation |
the growth rate equals births minusdeaths plus net migration |
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growth rate |
the net change in apopulation after adding births, subtractingdeaths, and either addingor subtracting net migration; canresult in a negative number |
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zero population growth |
womenbearing only enough children toreproduce the population |
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city |
a place in which a large numberof people are permanentlybased and do not produce theirown food |
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metropolis |
a central city surroundedby smaller cities and theirsuburbs |
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megalopolis |
an urban area consistingof at least two metropolisesand their many suburbs |
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megacity |
a city of 10 million ormore residents |
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MSA |
central city and theurbanized counties adjacent to it |
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edge city |
large clustering of servicefacilities and residential areasnear highway intersections thatprovides a sense of place to peoplewho live, shop, and work there |
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gentrification |
middle-class peoplemoving into a rundown area ofa city, displacing the poor as theybuy and restore homes |
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suburbanization |
the migration ofpeople from the city to the suburbs |
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suburb |
community adjacent toa city |
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human ecology |
Robert Park’sterm for the relationship betweenpeople and their environment (suchas land and structures); also knownas urban ecology |
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alienation |
Marx’s term for workers’lack of connection to theproduct of their labor; caused byworkers being assigned repetitivetasks on a small part of a product—this leads to a sense of powerlessnessand normlessness; others usethe term in the general sense of notfeeling a part of something |
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redlining |
decision by the officersof a financial institution not tomake loans in a particular area |
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disinvestment |
the withdrawal ofinvestments by financial institutions,which seals the fate of an urbanarea |
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deindustrialization |
the processof industries moving out of a countryor region |
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urban renewal |
the rehabilitationof a rundown area, which usuallyresults in the displacement of thepoor who are living in that area |
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enterprise zone |
the use of economicincentives in a designatedarea to encourage investment |
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social change |
the alteration ofculture and societies over time |
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modernization |
the transformationof traditional societies into industrialsocieties |
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dialectical process |
each arrangement of power (a thesis)contains contradictions (antitheses)which make the arrangementunstable and which must beresolved; the new arrangement ofpower (a synthesis) contains its owncontradictions; this process of balancingand unbalancing continuesthroughout history as groups strugglefor power and other resources |
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invention |
the combination ofexisting elements and materials toform new ones; identified byWilliam Ogburn as one of threeprocesses of social change |
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discovery |
a new way of seeingreality; identified by William Ogburnas one of three processes of socialchange |
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diffusion |
the spread of an inventionor a discovery from one areato another; identified by WilliamOgburn as one of three processesof social change |
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cultural lag |
Ogburn’s term forhuman behavior lagging behindtechnological innovations |
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postmodern society |
anotherterm for postindustrial society; achief characteristic is the use oftools that extend human abilities togather and analyze information, tocommunicate, and to travel |
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sustainable environment |
aworld system that takes intoaccount the limits of the environment,produces enough materialgoods for everyone’s needs, andleaves a heritage of a sound environmentfor the next generation |
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acid rain |
rain containing sulfuricand nitric acids (burning fossil fuelsrelease sulfur dioxide and nitrogenoxide that become sulfuric andnitric acids when they react withmoisture in the air) |
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environmental injustice |
refersto how minorities and the poor areharmed the most by environmentalpollution |
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eco sabotage |
actions taken tosabotage the efforts of people whoare thought to be legally harmingthe environment |
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enironment sociology |
a specialtywithin sociology whose focusis how humans affect the environmentand how the environmentaffects humans
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