137H Stressors And Socioeconomic Status Lecture Notes

Front 1

what is socioeconomic status?

Back 1

a measure of an individuals or familys relative social or economic standing

Front 2

what are the TRADITIONAL SES indicators?

Back 2

education-how many years of education attained
more = higher SES ranking
income -how much you or your family make
occupation - level of job prestige of you or family
occupation

Front 3

true or false
indicators of SES are unrelated

Back 3

FALSE
-as education increases, income increases as well

Front 4

degree of inter-correlation indicates..

Back 4

an underlying structure of a concept of SES

Front 5

are exact variables available on how SES influences health?

Back 5

sometimes not
ahah what a waste of a flashcard king

Front 6

proxy used in what situations for example

Back 6

own/rent house, money in the bizzzank

Front 7

what is the relationship between SES and health?

Back 7

strong LINEAR RELATIONSHIP
+ in SES = - in mortality

lower SES individuals/families show higher risk of mortality

Front 8

what is morbidity and how does it relate to SES?

Back 8

number of people diagnosed with disease/severity of disease

in relation to SES there is a similar linear relationship

Front 9

describe the Whitehall Civil Servant Study
-participants
-grades
-effect on mortality

Back 9

-17,000 British workers
-grades:
--lowest = unskilled workers
--middle = clerical workers
--highest = professionals
-mortality INCREASES with LOWERED SKILL LEVEL & LOWERED OCCUPATION

Front 10

Whitehall Civil Servant Study
-linear trend with other SES indicators?
-health care factor effect?

Back 10

-yes
-all participants worked for the government meaning they had the same access to health care. type of health factor ELIMINATED

Front 11

SES relationship with EDUCATION and other variables?

Back 11

+ mortality with - education
same linear relationship for factors of:
gastro-intestinal
psychiatric aka mental disorders
muskoskelatal
URRTHING THE SAME

Front 12

SES and catching a cold
-study?
-findings?

Back 12

-how likely to catch a cold in cold hotel based on..
-years a parent has owned a home
-findings: same linear relationship
4+ years owned home less likely to catch a cold then those who did not own CRIBS

Front 13

true or false
access to different health care causes this relationship

Back 13

-not entirely
-gradient still seen with socialized medicine (healthcare)
-relationship still holds for those with no access to healthcare and a wide array of diseases

Front 14

true or false
access to health care does not predict ANY variance

Back 14

false
just not all of it

Front 15

is there the same linear relationship with health BEHAVIORS?

Back 15

yes, however not entirely

Front 16

health behaviors & SES
smoking

Back 16

similar gradient with health outcomes (diseases, mental health)
-aka higher rates of smoking among LESS educated

Front 17

health behaviors & SES
physical activity/obesity

Back 17

lower SES less likely to not exercise AND be obese

Front 18

health behaviors & SES
why are lower SES individuals more likely to be obese and not exercise?

Back 18

lack of access to healthy food choices
-higher SES have healthier food choices and alternatives
-lower SES more likely to eat fast food and shop at convenient stores

Front 19

health behaviors & SES
alcohol

Back 19

lower SES more likely to consume alcohol

Front 20

SES and Health
model?

Back 20

Social Causation Model

Front 21

describe the Social Causation Model

Back 21

SES has a direct causal role in determining health/emotional problems

Front 22

how can the Social Causation Model be reversed? aka health has a direct causal role in determining your SES

Back 22

-poor health derived from SES
-social drift - individuals with worse mental or phys health may DRIFT down economic hierarcy. EFFECTS INCOME in turn EFFECTS SES

Front 23

example of health ---> SES

Back 23

-major psychiatric disorder (such as schizophrenia) leads to quitting job
-no job (occupation) = lowered SES
-no income = lowered SES

Front 24

Psychological Correlates of SES
-depression relationship

Back 24

-low SES:more depressive symptoms
-EVIDENCE FOR Social Causation Model

Front 25

how is the Social Causation Model more supported with the case of depression?

Back 25

SES usually precedes depressive symptoms so Social Causation is more evident

Front 26

Psychological Correlates of SES
-anxiety relationship

Back 26

-same gradient and linear relationship
-Low SES:more anxiety symptoms and disorders
-evidence for SCM not as strong as depression but still there

Front 27

true or false
smelling coffee when sleep deprived INCREASES stress

Back 27

false
smelling coffee when sleep deprived REDUCES stress
how?
changes in gene expression with anti-stress and anti-oxidants

Front 28

those with Low SES experience ______ negative life events.

Back 28

more

Front 29

How can High SES can diminish the likelihood individuals will experience negative life events?

Back 29

-more controllable life events as opposed to uncontrollable life events experienced by those with LOW SES
-stressors are CHRONIC in nature

Front 30

Which life event stressors are chronic in nature that affect low SES more than high SES individuals?

Back 30

paying the bills, employment, exposure to more interpersonal conflict

Front 31

Stressors and SES
what are the differences interpretation of ambiguous situations between those of high and low SES?

Back 31

LOW SES: world is scary and threatening, requires vigiliance and a GUN CLACKCLACK
--low SES may cause this tendency of how we approach the world--

Front 32

Stressors and SES
evidence for negative view of the world by LOW SES?

Back 32

Low SES reported more threatening attributions for an ambiguous video, with no differences in attribution for the negative video from high SES

Front 33

Reacting to Stressors
emotional and physiological activity

Back 33

low SES have greater emotional and physiological reactivity

Front 34

Reacting to Stressors
Video study

Back 34

Low SES have higher heart rates
they also make threat appraisals about video which in turn cause higher heart rates

Front 35

true or false
when you control threat appraisals, the relationship between higher heart rate and SES disappears

Back 35

TRUE MY NINJA
appraising the situation as threatening drives heart rate up

Front 36

Reacting to Stressors
greater reactivity is innate or learned over time?

Back 36

maybe innate

Front 37

Reacting to Stressors
why may greater reactivity amongst the LOW SES be innate?

Back 37

-greater reactivity may be to lower reserve capacity aka resources
-they are exposed to more situations in which they must use their already low resources

Front 38

Reacting to Stressors
why may greater reactivity amongst the LOW SES be innate?
(continued) tip:environment

Back 38

Low SES environment prevents the development and replenishment of their already low resources
-fewer financial resources
-fewer social resources
-fewer resiliency characteristics

Front 39

Reacting to Stressors
perception of threat & cortisol output in Low SES

Back 39

if you mediate perceptions/attributions of threat, Low SES do not experience same reactivity leading to lowered cortisol levels

Front 40

SES and Allostatic Load

Back 40

elevated levels of different assessments across wide range of systems

Front 41

subjective SES

Back 41

-SES can be seen as a subjective state
-a persons belief about his location in a status order

Front 42

how can SES be subjective through beliefs?

Back 42

-beliefs reflect CURRENT social circumstances, PAST assessment, and FUTURE prospects
--employment grade (occup)
--household income
--education
--satisfaction with standard of living
--feelings of financial security

Front 43

Subjective SES & Health
your subjective SES has been linked with....

Back 43

waist-hip-ratio
sleep latency
resting heart rate
habituation to psy stressors
negative affect, chronic stress, subjective stress, pessimism, control over life, active coping, passive coping