1.3 Histology

Front 1

dissociation and sorting of ligands from receptors

What pathway?

Back 1

early endosome

Front 2

recycling of membrane proteins back to the membrane

What pathway?

Back 2

early endosome

Front 3

recycling CLATHRIN back to the plasma membrane to form coated pits.

What pathway?

Back 3

early endosome

Front 4

lysosomal enzymes destined for the lysosome have their SIGNAL PATCH tagged with ? in what organelle?

Back 4

Mannose-6 Phosphate (M6P)

cis-GOLGI apparatus

Front 5

Where are M6P receptors found?

Back 5

Golgi
Lysosomes
Early and Late Endosomes

Front 6

What causes the release of lysosomal enzymes from the M6P receptor?

Back 6

ACIDITY of the late endosome

Front 7

Where are EARLY ENDOSOMES found?


LATE ENDOSOMES?

Back 7

near the membrane


near Golgi and Nucleus

Front 8

Endosomal membranes contain ? that help acidify their interior.

Back 8

H+ / ATP pump

Front 9

What transports substances between Early and Late Endosomes?

Back 9

multivesicular bodies

Front 10

What are the FOUR possible fates of Receptor-Ligand Complexes sorted in the Early Endosome?

Back 10

Receptor Recycled || Ligand Degraded

Receptor and Ligand RECYCLED

Receptor and Ligand DEGRADED

Transcytosis (both receptor and ligand transported through the cell)

Front 11

What is an example of Transcytosis?

Back 11

secretion of IgA

--both receptor and ligand transported through the cell

Front 12

What are the 5 hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes?

PNGLP

Back 12

Proteases

Nucleases

GLycosidases

Lipases

Phospholipases

Front 13

Describe the 3 specialized features of the lysosomal membrane.

Back 13

Glycosylated Proteins (prevents hydrolytic digestion)

Transport Proteins (move final product of digestion into cytoplasm)

Proton Pumps (acidify interior pH 4.7)

Front 14

Why are leaked lysosomal enzymes practically inactive in the cytoplasm?

Back 14

pH 7.2 --cytoplasm

pH 4.7 --lysosome

Front 15

Drug use to treat malaria.

--raises the pH of the lysosome inactivating the enzymes

Back 15

Chloroquine

Front 16

True or False

LYSOSOME MEMBRANE PROTEINS can reach the lysosome via M6P pathway

Back 16

FALSE

--Constitutive Secretory Pathway
or
--Golgi Derived Secretory Pathway

Front 17

LYSOSOME MEMBRANE PROTEINS reach the lysosome by what 2 pathways?

Back 17

Constitutive Secretory Pathway


Golgi Derived Secretory Pathway

Front 18

Lysosome Membrane Protein Pathway

---exit the cell and make it back to the lysosome through the Endocytic Pathway

Back 18

Constitutive Secretory Pathway

Front 19

Lysosome Membrane Protein Pathway

---travel in CLATHRIN COATED VESICLES to Late Endosomal compartment where tSNARES and vSNARES assure their correct destination

Back 19

Golgi Derived Secretory Pathway

Front 20

What are the 3 Routes materials destined for degradation by the lysosome?

Back 20

Phagosome (large extracellular particles)

Endosomes (small extracellular particles)

Autophagy (INTRAcellular particles large and small)

Front 21

Cytoplasmic proteins and entire organelles are targets of degradation by the lysosome.

Back 21

Autophagy

Front 22

What are the 3 types of AUTOPHAGY?

Back 22

Macroautophagy

Microautophagy

Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy

Front 23

in MACROAUTOPHAGY a portion of cytoplasm or an organelle is surrounded by a membrane from the ? to form a ?

Back 23

membrane from ER !!!!!!

autophagosome

Front 24

in MICROAUTOPHAGY how are small cytoplasmic soluble proteins internalized in lysosomes?

Back 24

Invagination

Front 25

Whatspecial chaperone protein helps bind to SPECIFIC proteins to be degraded and transports them THROUGH the lysosomal membrane

Back 25

hsc73

Front 26

AZUROPHILIC granules of neutrophils are ?

Back 26

lysosomes

Front 27

? are lysosomes that contain products which cannot be broken down and often remain for teh life of the cell.

Back 27

Residual Bodies

Front 28

What is Tay-Sach's disease?

Back 28

a lysosomal GALACTOSIDASE deficiency in neurons

Front 29

? degrade INDIVIDUAL PROTEIN MOLECULES within the cell

Back 29

proteosomes

Front 30

? degrades BULK MATERIAL within the cell

Back 30

lysosomes

Front 31

Damaged proteins (denatures or oxidizies proteins) are tagged with ?

Back 31

pollyubiquitin

Front 32

3 proteins that covalently attach ubiquitin to damaged proteins?

Back 32

E1 E2 E3 Ligases

Front 33

After transcription occur-- what type of genetic code has been created? (be specific)

Back 33

pre-mRNA

Front 34

describe the pre-mRNA to mRNA process

Back 34

splice introns

join exons

addition of 3' polyA tail

addition of 5' methyl guanosine cap

Front 35

groupos of ribosomes that are translating the same strand of mRNA and can make many copies of the same protein

Back 35

POLYSOMES (polyribosomes)

Front 36

Antibiotics target differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ?

Back 36

ribosomes

Front 37

a series of interconnected membrane-limited flattened sacs in the rER are called ?

Back 37

cisternae

Front 38

True or False

rER may be continuous with the nuclear envelope.

Back 38

True

Front 39

What type of staining is associated with mRNA ?

Back 39

basophilic

Front 40

? is the portion of the cytoplasm that is basophilic OR in secretory cells the ? is the rER

Back 40

Ergastoplasm

Front 41

rER is well developed in ? cells

Back 41

secretory cells

Front 42

describe the ER signal sequence in the translated amino acid chain

Back 42

series of HYDROPHOBIC amino acids at the beginning

Front 43

the ER SIGNAL SEQUENCE becomes attached to a ? that binds a DOCKING PROTEIN on the cytoplasmic surface of the ER membrane

Back 43

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

Front 44

the DOCKING PROTEIN helps align the ribosome with a ? which is an IMP of the rER

Back 44

Translocation

Front 45

? is when the protein gets inserted into and passes through the membrane into the cisterna as it is translated

Back 45

cotranslational insertion

Front 46

A protein that has its signal sequence cleaved in the rER lumen will be found where in the cell?

Back 46

the protein will be SECRETED out of the cell

Front 47

membrane proteins will pass back and forth through the ER membrane as new ? are translated --which stops the threading process and permanently anchors the protein in the membrane.

Back 47

Hydrophobic Signal Domain

Front 48

What type of protein modification occurs in the cisterna of the rER? (4)

Back 48

Glycosylation

Disulfide and Internal hydrogen bond forming

Folding

Partial Subunit Assembly

Front 49

vesicles covered with ? mediate bi-directional transport of proteins between rER and Golgi

Back 49

coatemer (COP)

Front 50

RETROGRADE transport (Golgi >> ER) of vesicles are coated in ?

Back 50

COP-I

Front 51

ANTEGRADE transport (rER >> Golgi) of vesicles coated in ?

Back 51

COP-II

Front 52

Free ribosomes synthesize cytoplasmic proteins which do not have a ?

Back 52

signal sequence

Front 53

where are MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYMES synthesized?

Back 53

in the cytoplasm by Free Ribosomes

Front 54

? is a barrel-shaped protein complex composed of 7 PROTEINS including ? and ?

Back 54

PROTESOME

-proteases
-ATPase

Front 55

? in neurons are due to the basophilic staining of rER ribosomes + free ribosomes (due to ? on the mRNA associated with these ribosomes)

Back 55

Nissl Bodies


due to phosphate groups