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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?
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people have a tendency to be helpful when they are already in a good mood
opposite is also true |
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subjective well being
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self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well being (eg, physical and economic indicators)to evaluate people's quality of life
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in happiness research (Watson and Kahneman 2004)how does the majority of peoples happiness change throughout the day? negativeness?
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positive emotion rises over the early to middle part of most days.
negative emotion rises in a peak that quickly recedes again after around 12 hours of being awake on most days |
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What is the general rule about how we view our emotions
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we overestimate the duration of emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt
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adaptation-level phenomenon
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our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, lights, income)relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. ie. 12" black and white tv exciting but now if colour goes out on tv feel wronged. Adjust to a new normal.
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relative deprivation
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the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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researchers have found that happy people tend to...
name six factors |
have high self esteem (social acceptance in communal culture)
be optimistic, outgoing, and aggreeable have close friendships or a satisfying marriage have work and leisure that engage their skills have a meaningful religious faith sleep well and exercise |
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happiness does not seem to be related to...
name five factors |
age
gender(women more often depressed but also more often joyful) education levels parenthood(babies or not) physical attractiveness |
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Do genes affect our happiness?
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study of 254 identical and fraternal twins Lykken and Tellegen 1996 estimated 50% of the difference among peoples happiness ratings is heritable
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Emotions combine what phenomena? link to happiness
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physiological activation (esp.left hemisphere)
expressive behaviors(huge smile) conscious experience, thoughts (I was so ready for that test) feelings(pride, satisfaction ie-emotions are psychosocial phenomena...genetic predispositions, brain activity, outlooks, experiences relationships, and cultures form us jointly. |
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what are the 10 basic emotions?
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joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt
some also say pride and love |
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what are the two basic dimensions that emotions can be placed on
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arousal (high vs low) and valence (pleasant, or positive, versus unpleasant or negative)
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what are two ways we learn our fears?
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specific fears through conditioning (associate emotions with specific situations)
and observational learning (watching others display fear in response to certain events or surroundings |
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How is fear biological
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biologically prepared to learn some fears of snakes, spiders and heights.
amygdala plays a role in learning fear. it receives info from cortical areas that process emotional and it sends info to other areas that produce the bodily symptoms of fear. part of how fearful each person is, is genetic |
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what are some common triggers of anger
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frustrating or insulting actions we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable
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What is the catharsis hypothesis and does research support it?
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the idea that releasing negative energy will calm aggressive tendencies. It may calm us temporarily but in the long run it may actually amplify anger
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what is the best way to handle anger
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wait until the level of physical arousal diminishes, calming oneself, and expressing grievances in way that promote reconciliation rather than retaliation. Forgiveness can also reduce one's anger and its physical symptoms
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what contributes to our ability to decipher nonverbal cues
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experience. shown in studies of abused children.
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is there any gender difference in perceiving and communicating emotions
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yes women are generally better than men at reading emotional cues, including deceptive cues.
women also give more detailed descriptions of emotional reactions, express empathy more often in words and facial expression. women convey happiness better but men communicate anger better. |
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do lie detection methods based on facial expressions exist
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not yet
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what are the culture specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression
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meaning of gestures varies with culture
many facial expressions are found all over the world and among children blind from birth cultures differ in the amount of emotional expression considered acceptable |
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what are some evolutionary or survival aspects of emotional expressions
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enable communication of threats, greetings and submission.
also some help us to take in more sensory info or avoid taking in toxic substances |
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what is the facial feedback hypothesis
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expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states, and the muscles signal the body to respond as though we were experiencing those states.
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what is the behavior feedback hypothesis
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assumes that if we move our body as we would when experiencing some emotion we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree
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what is the role of the autonomic nervous system during emotional arousal
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it controls arousal. the sympathetic division mobilizes us for action by directing adrenals to release stress hormones, that increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels. it also triggers other defensive physical reactions.
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what is the relation between arousal and performance
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best performance is when arousal is moderate. For easy or well learned tasks best performance is linked to high arousal
for difficult tasks performance peaks at lower levels of arousal |
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what three emotions display similar physiological arousal
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fear, anger, and sexual arousal
emotional experiences and facial expressions may differ by physiological arousal is very similar |
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what are some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions
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joy-minute muscle movements in cheeks and under eyes
fear- minute muscle movements in brow increase activity in the amygdala negative emotions-activity in right prefrontal cortex positive moods- activity in left frontal lobe with its supply of dopamine receptors |
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what is the spillover effect
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when our arousal from one event influences our response to other events
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what are the two routes that sensory stimuli may travel when triggering an emotional response
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Immediate-sensory input to the thalamus and then amygdala.
triggers a rapid often unconscious reaction slow-routed through the cortex for interpretation. complex emotions like guilt, happiness and love |
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What is a polygraph
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a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies. It measures physiological responses accompanying emotion like perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes
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what are the three components of emotions
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physiological arousal
expressive behaviors conscious experience |
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What did the James-Lange theory of emotion say
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we feel emotion after we notice our physiological responses
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what Walter Cannon and Philip Bard theorize about emotion
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we feel emotion at the same time that our bodies respond
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what is the two factors theory of emotion
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focused on the interplay of thinking and feeling not on the timing of feelings. Proposed that emotions have two components, physical arousal and a cognitive label
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