1228 Test #1

Front 1

What are the fluids located inside the cells called?

Back 1

intracellular

Front 2

What are the fluids located outside the cells?

Back 2

extracellular

Front 3

Extracellular fluid includes intravascular fluid which is ____, and there is 3 liters of fluid in this compartment and also interstitial fluid which is in between cells, bathes cells, and includes lymph.

Back 3

plasma

Front 4

This loss is what we can see it comes from the kidneys, intestinal tract, and skin

Back 4

sensible

Front 5

This is loss we can't see such as sweat and exhalation

Back 5

insensible

Front 6

The patients input should approximate their ______. should near to or around a 1-300 cc difference.

Back 6

output

Front 7

A fever would increase what type of loss?

Back 7

insensible loss

Front 8

Vascular volume ____ with hemorrhage.

Back 8

decreases

Front 9

Normal kidney output should be around ____ cc/ hour

Back 9

30

Front 10

what four electrolytes have a positive charge?

Back 10

sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium

Front 11

what two electrolytes have a negative charge?

Back 11

chloride and phosphate

Front 12

What three electrolytes are located inside the cells(intracellular)?

Back 12

potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus

Front 13

What three electrolytes are located outside the cells (extracellular)?

Back 13

sodium, calciu, and chloride

Front 14

What is the normal range for sodium?

Back 14

135-145 mEq/L

Front 15

What is the normal range for Potassium?

Back 15

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Front 16

What is the normal range for phosphorus?

Back 16

2.7-4.5 mEq/L

Front 17

What is the normal range for Calcium?

Back 17

8.5-10 mEq/L

Front 18

What is the normal range for magnesium?

Back 18

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Front 19

What electrolytes would you have problems with if you had cystic fibrosis?

Back 19

Sodium, potassium, and chloride

Front 20

What two things would you have problems with if you had emphysema?

Back 20

sodium and blood gases

Front 21

What would you have a problem with if you were on loop diuretics or digoxin?

Back 21

potassium

Front 22

1 lb of weight = how much fluid?

Back 22

500cc

Front 23

With fluid volume excess your pulse would be what?

Back 23

full and bounding

Front 24

With FVD your pulse would be what?

Back 24

weak and thready

Front 25

If you had sedative effects what two electrolytes would you look at?

Back 25

magnesium and Calcium

Front 26

If there was a problem with LOC what would you look at?

Back 26

Sodium

Front 27

This electrolyte's normal range is 135-145 mEq/L and assists with generation and transmission of nerve impulses and is an important part of the Na-K pump. If this is out of balance you would think neurological/brain problems. It maintains volume of body fluids.

Back 27

sodium

Front 28

When you excrete sodium you save what?

Back 28

potassium

Front 29

In the renin angeiotension system which is partially regulated by sodium, ECF decreased, renin produced by the kidneys then angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II then ____ is secreted and sodium and water is retained causing the vascular volume to go up

Back 29

aldosterone

Front 30

A cause of this would be more water than Na: vomitting, sweating, and only drinking water, D5W, burns. S/S think heat exhaustion: urine output increases; decreased specific gravity, nausea, abdominal cramps, HA, dry mucous membranes. To treat this you would replace Na slowly.

Back 30

hyponatremia, more common than hyper

Front 31

causes hyperventilation, heat stroke, decrease in fluid intake, use of corticosteroids. BP can be either hyper or hypo. SALT: Skin is flush, specific gravity increases, agitation (tremors, weakness, restless, change in LOC), low grade fever, and thirst (swollen dry tongue)
To treat you restrict Na, give fluids slowly, daily weights. If you give fluids too fast it causes the cells to swll in brain; and increases pressure and you can die.

Back 31

hypernatremia

Front 32

Normal level is 3.5-5.0mEq/L think heart!!!
Its function is to transmit nerve impulses and allows proper function of skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Back 32

potassium

Front 33

The only way to get rid of excess K is through what?

Back 33

kidneys

Front 34

NG tube suctioning decreases potassium, irrigation with tap water would increase the loss of potassium so you should irrigate with what?

Back 34

normal saline

Front 35

Causes of this would be vomitting, NG suction, Diuretics (Lasix), not eating, alcoholism, steroid use. SUCTION: skeletal muscle weakness, U wave changes, constipation, toxicity of digitalis, irregular and weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, numbness around the mounth.
To treat administer this on a pump never IV push.

Back 35

hypokalemia

Front 36

Causes of this would be kidney troubles, aldosterone secretion, excessive intake (blood transfussions) because K is inside the cells and when they are being infused they may break causing potassium to spill out. With S/S think muscles: heart, from mild to sever hyperexcitability- flaccid, respiratory muscles and cardiac, numbness and tingling. To treat: dialysis, calcium gluconate, glucose and insulin, kayexelate which removes K and exchanges for Na, and cardiac monitoring

Back 36

hyperkalemia

Front 37

normal level 2.7- 4.5 primarily lives in bones and teeth; inside the cell. Functions: promotes nerve and muscle action, present for nerves, RBCs and nervous system to function normally; assiste with metabolism of CHO, fats, proteins, helps us use vitamin B, helps acidify the urine to decrease stones; it has an inverse relationship with calcium. and is regulated by the PTH.

Back 37

phosporus

Front 38

Causes of this would be glucose and insulin administration, alcohol withdrawal, and diuretic use. S/S IMBIBING: irritability, malaise, bleeding, inflammation, bone or muscle pain, infection risk, numbness, and generalized weakness, dysphagia. To treat encourage foods that contain phosporus.

Back 38

hypophostemia

Front 39

Causes: chemo, renal failure, phosphate enemas large intake of Vitamin D, and when babies receive cow milk too soon. S/S: CHEMO: cardiac irregularities, hyperreflexia (Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign) eating poorly, muscle weakness, parethesia, and numbness, and oliguria. To treat: adequately hydration and monitor for signs of hypocalcemia.

Back 39

hyperphosphatemia

Front 40

Normal: 1.8-2.7 mEq/L. It is excreted by the kidneys and its functions include: assisting in metabolism of CHO and proteins, maintains electrical activity in nerves and muscles, important for neuromuscular function. If it is out of balance think muscle problems and the effect that could occur on the nervous system, this and potassium increase and decrease together. and this makes the vascular system dilate.

Back 40

magnesium

Front 41

Causes of this are diarrhea, alcoholism, anorexia, and bulimia. S/S: STARVED: Seizures, tremors, twitching, tetany (laryngospasm), arrhythmias, rapid heart rate, vomitting, emotional lability, and deep tendon reflexes (monitor every 30 min). To treat administer Mg sulfate keep calcium gluconate and trach tray at bedside, assess swallow reflexes, and practice seizure precautions.

Back 41

hypomagnesaemia

Front 42

Causes are laxative use, renal failure, and hyperparathyroidism. S/S: RENAL: Reflexes decreased, EKG changes, N/V, appearance flushed (vasodilation), lethargy. Treat with calcium gluconate

Back 42

hypermagnesaemia

Front 43

Normal: 8.5- 10.5 mg/dl. found in teeth and in bones. Parathyroid pulls this from the bones, calcitonic keeps it in the bones, it has an inverse relationship with phosphorus, and you must have vitamin D to utilize it. It functions includes: nerve impulse transmission (muscle contraction and relaxation), helps with blood clotting, needed for vitamin B12 absorption, and must have for strong bones and teeth.

Back 43

calcium

Front 44

Causes of this would be hypoparathyroidism, radical neck, thyroidectomy, alcoholism, and parathyroid removal. S/S: muscles tone; chvostek's and trouseus sign, arrhythmias, deep tendon reflexes, mind changes, and swallowing difficulties. To treat: vitamin D, Amphogel, Iv Calcium gluconate. Have trach tray, ambu bag and calcium gluconate near by. When PTH is secreted, calcium is pulled form the bones and teeth

Back 44

hypocalcemia

Front 45

Causes are hyperparathyroidism, thiazides, immobilization. S/S think sedative: kidney stones, deep tendon reflexes, muscle tone, LOC, change in vital signs. To treat administer fluids, phosphosoda, lasix, and ambulate. Must have calcium gluconate and trach tray at bed side. Get patient up and mobile ASAP.

Back 45

hypercalcemia

Front 46

Normal 95-106. Function is Acid base balance. When sodium is retained so is this.

Back 46

chloride

Front 47

Causes: low salt intake, exclusive D5W, diuresis, prolonged N/V, diarrhea, NG suction, cystic fibrosis. S/S: agitation, irritability, hyperactive DTR, muscle cramps, tetany, weakness, and seizures, to treat IV chloride and K replacements, use NS not tap water to irrigate.

Back 47

hypochloremia

Front 48

Causes increased intake of salt, metabolic acidosis, renal failure. S/S: weakness and lethargy; hypernatremia, Kussmaul's breathing, tachycardia, edema. Treatment: vital signs and safety considerations.

Back 48

hyperchloremia

Front 49

The serum sodium level reflects the ratio of ____ to water, not necessarily the loss or gain of sodium. Sodium imbalances are typically associated with imbalances in ECF volume.

Back 49

sodium

Front 50

As the plasma osmolality increase, the thirst center in the ____ is stimulated, and the individual seeks fluids.

Back 50

hypothalamus