Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The three primary brain vesicles in embryonic development.
|
1. Prosencephalon
2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombencephalon |
|
|
The Telensephalon develops into the ___________.
|
The cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres, cortex, white matter, and basale nuclei) are developed from the __________.
|
|
|
The Prosencephalon develops into the _____________.
|
The Telencephalon and the Diencephalon are developed form the primary brain structure __________.
|
|
|
The Diencephalon developed into the ____________.
|
The thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and retina are developed from the ______.
|
|
|
The Mesencephalon develops into the ___________.
|
The brainstem and the midbrain are developed from the ___________.
|
|
|
The Rhombacephalon develop into the ___________.
|
The Metencephalon and the Myelencephalon develop from the __________.
|
|
|
The Metencephalon develops into the _______ and _________.
|
The brain stem (pons) and the cerebellum develop from the _________.
|
|
|
The Myelencephalon develops into the ___________.
|
The brainstem (medulla oblongata) develops into the ___________.
|
|
|
Regarding embryonic development, this happens to the 3 week embryo.
|
At _______, the ectoderm thickens along the dorsal midline axis and forms the neural plate
|
|
|
Regarding embryonic development, this happens to the 4 week embryo.
|
At _______, the neural tube is formed and will quickly differentiate into the CNS structure.
|
|
|
The neuroglia called ______ lines the ventricles.
|
The neuroglia called ependymal cells lines the ________.
|
|
|
This thin membrane is the only thing seperating the two lateral ventricles.
|
Septum Pellucidum.
|
|
|
The two lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventrical using _________.
|
The channel called interventricular foramen.
|
|
|
The third ventricle is continuous with the fourth via the ___________.
|
The aquaduct.
|
|
|
A fluid filled space that surrounds the brain.
|
Subarachnoid space.
|
|
|
Location of the fourth ventricle.
|
This ventricle lies in the hindbrain and connects to the central canal of the spinal cord.
|
|
|
The three openings of the fourth ventricle.
|
The paired lateral apertures in the walls and the median aperture in the roof.
|
|
|
The purpose of the apertures in the fourth ventricle.
|
These connect the fourth ventricle to the subarachmoid space.
|
|
|
Gyri (gyrus).
|
Nearly the entire cerebral hemisphere is covered by elevated ridges of tissue called _________.
|
|
|
The elevated ridges of the cerebral hemisphere are seperated by grooves called ________.
|
Sulci (sulcus).
|
|
|
Deeper grooves which seperate large regions of brain are called ______.
|
Fissures.
|
|
|
The _________ fissure seperates the two cerebral hemispheres.
|
Median Longitudinal fissure.
|
|
|
The __________ fissure seperates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.
|
Transverse Cerebral fissure.
|
|
|
The _________ sulcus seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
|
The Central sulcus.
|
|
|
The __________ sulcus seperates occipital lobe from the parietal lobe.
|
The Parieto-occipital sulcus.
|
|
|
The _________ sulcus surrounds the temporal lobe and seperates it from the frontal and parietal lobes.
|
The Lateral sulcus.
|
|
|
Insula.
|
A lobe of the cerebral hemisphere buried deep within the lateral sulcus.
|
|
|
Bordering the central sulcus are these 2 gyrus.
|
posteriory, the postcentral gyrus and anteriorly, the precentral gyrus.
|
|
|
The five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
|
1. Occipital
2. Frontal 3. Temporal 4. Parietal 5. Inusla |
|
|
The three regions of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
|
1. Gray matter (superficial)
2. White mattter (internal) 3. Basal nuclei |
|
|
The "conscious" mind.
|
Cerbral cortex is called this.
|
|
|
Grey matter that makes up the cerebral cortex is composed of:
|
Neuron bodies, dendrites, associated glial cells, bloodvessels, but NO fiber tracts.
|
|
|
The functional areas of the cerebral cortex.
|
1. Motor areas
2. Sensory areas 3. Association areas |
|
|
All neurons in the cortex are _______.
|
Interneurons are the only neurons found in the _______.
|
|
|
The location of the motor areas.
|
________ are found in the posterior part of the frontal lobe.
|
|
|
The parts of the motor cortex.
|
-> Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, broca's area, and the frontal eye field.
|
|
|
Primary motor cortex.
|
Located in the precentral gyrus and contains pyramidal cells.
|
|
|
Premotor cortex.
|
Located anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe. Controls coordination of muscle groups, learned motor skills of a repetitious pattern, and control planning of movement.
|
|
|
This part of the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controling the repititious act of playing an instrument.
|
Example of what the premotor cortex controls.
|
|
|
Broca's Area.
|
Lies anteriorly to the inferior region of the premotor area. A special motor speech area that controls muscles active in speech and planning of speech. Also activates with voluntary muscle planning.
|
|
|
This part of the motor area is ONLY found in the left hemisphere.
|
The Broca's area is only found here.
|
|
|
Frontal eye field.
|
This is located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to the Broca's area. Controls voluntary movement of the eye muscle.
|
|
|
Large neurons found in the precentral gyrus that help us consciously control skilled voluntary muscle movement.
|
Pyramidal cells.
|
|
|
The massive voluntary motor tracts that are formed by axons of the large neurons in the gyrus.
|
Pyramidal tracts or Corticospinal tracts.
|
|
|
These areas are concerned with awareness of sensation.
|
Sensory Areas.
|
|
|
These areas are found in the parietal, Insular, temporal, and occipital lobes.
|
Sensory Area locations.
|
|
|
The sites of the sensory areas.
|
1. Primary somatosensory cortex
2. Somatosensory association cortex 3. Visual areas 4. Auditory areas 5. Olfactory cortex 6. Gustatory cortex 7. Visceral sensory area 8. Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex |
|
|
Multimodal Association Areas.
|
1. Anterior Association Area.
2. Posterior Association Area. 3. Limbic Association Area. |
|
|
Lateralization.
|
Each cerebral hemisphere has dominant control over a specialized function.
|
|
|
Cerebral dominance.
|
This term is used to designate the hemisphere that is dominant for language.
|
|
|
The hemisphere dominant in most people. (And what it controls)
|
The left hemisphere is _________ in most people and controls language, math, and logic.
|
|
|
Most people with right cerebral dominance are ________.
|
The males who are left handed usually have ___________.
|
|
|
Cerebral confusion.
|
This happens when the cerebral dominence is shared between hemispheres, leads to dyslexia.
|
|
|
Cerebral white matter.
|
One of the three basic regions of the brain that is deep to the gray matter and is responsible for communication between areas.
|
|
|
The classification of myelinated tracts of the cerebral white matter.
|
These are classified by the direction they run. (found in the white matter)
|
|
|
The three fibers of the white matter.
|
1. Commissurial Fibers
2. Association Fibers 3. Projection FIbers |
|
|
These fibers connect corresponding grey areas of the two hemispheres.
|
Commissures.
|
|
|
These fibers connect different fibers of the same hemisphere.
|
Association fibers.
|
|
|
These fibers enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain centers or leave the cortex to travel to lower brain areas.
|
Projection fibers.
|
|
|
The Corpus Callosum, connects the two hemispheres is this type of white matter fiber.
|
A Commissural fiber example.
|
|
|
The Internal Capsule, a compact band that passes between the thalamus and some basal nuclei on top of the brain stem is this type of white matter fiber.
|
A Projection fiber example.
|
|
|
The Corona Radiata, a distinctive, fanlike, radiation of tract fibers through the cerebral white matter to the cortex.
|
A Projection fiber example.
|
|
|
In the white matter is a group of subcortical nuclei known as the _____________. (basic region)
|
The basal nuclei or basal ganglia.
|
|
|
Basal Nucei componants.
|
Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
|
|
|
The lentiform nucleus is made of the __________ and _________.
|
The putamen and the global pallidus make up the ___________.
|
|
|
The putamen and the global pallidus make up the ___________.
|
The lentiform nucleus is made of the __________ and _________.
|
|
|
The Lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus make up the ___________.
|
The __________ and the _________ make up the Corpus Striatum.
|
|
|
The __________ and the _________ make up the Corpus Striatum.
|
The Lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus make up the ___________.
|
|
|
Function of the basal nuclei.
|
These play a role in regulating attention and cognition. They also play a role in starting, stopping, and monitoring movement that is slow and stereotyped.
|
|
|
This region of the brain controls arm swinging while you walk.
|
Example of what the basdal nuclei control.
|
|
|
The basal nuclei are functionally associated with the _________ and the ___________.
|
The ____________ are functionally associated with the subthalamic nuclei and the substantia nigra.
|
|
|
The ____________ are functionally associated with the subthalamic nuclei and the substantia nigra.
|
The basal nuclei are functionally associated with the _________ and the ___________.
|
|
|
This happens when there is disorder in the Basal Nuclei area.
|
Movement control problems like those in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea.
|
|
|
The three componants of the diacephalon.
|
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus make up the _________.
|
|
|
This forms the central core of the forebrain and is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres.
|
Diacephalon
|
|
|
A bilateral egg shaped nuclei that is connected at the midline by an interthalamic adhesion, part of the diacephalon.
|
Thalamus.
|
|
|
Thalamus function.
|
This is the gateway to the cerebral cortex and plays a role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.
|
|
|
Located below the thalamus that caps the brainstem. It extends from the optic chaism to the mammillary bodies.
|
Hypothalamus.
|
|
|
Mammillary bodies.
|
These are pea-like structures that bulge from the anterior part of the hypothalamus and are a relay station for olfactory pathways.
|
|
|
Infundibulum.
|
A stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus.
|
|
|
Hypothalamus function.
|
This is the main visceral control center and is vital to overall body homeostasis.
|
|
|
The roles of the hypothalamus.
|
1. Autonomic control center.
2. Center for emotional response. 3. Body temperature regulation. 4. Regulation of food intake. 5. Regulation of water balance and thirst. 6. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles. 7. Control of endocrine sytem functioning. |
|
|
The most dorsal part of the diacephalon that forms the roof of the third ventricle.
|
Epithalamus.
|
|
|
The hypothalamus works with the endocrine system in these ways.
|
The __________ has 'releasing hormones' that control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland.
It produces ADH and oxytocin. |
|
|
The Pineal gland.
|
Extends from the posterior border of the epithalamus. It secretes melatonin to help regulate sleep-wake cycles.
|
|
|
From superior to inferior, these are the regions of the brain stem.
|
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
|
|
|
Brain stem function.
|
The ______ controls programmed, automatic behaviors critical to survival.
It's also the pathway for fiber tracts between the high and low neural centers. It's associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves. |
|
|
Bulging pillars on the midbrain that contain pyramidal tracts descending to the spinal cord.
|
Cerebral Peduncles.
|
|
|
Periqueduct grey matter.
|
Grey matter that surrounds the aqueduct that is involved with pain suppression and is a link between the fear-percieving amygdala and the ANS that controls the fight-or-flight response.
|
|
|
The ___________ controls the oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves.
|
The periaqueduct grey matter controls the _______ and _______ cranial nerves.
|
|
|
Corpora quadrigemina.
|
Four dome shaped protrusions on the dorsal midbrain: The superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi.
|
|
|
Superior Colliculi.
|
Two dome shaped protrusions of the Corpora quadrigemina that are visual reflex centers.
|
|
|
Inferior Colliculi.
|
Two dome shaped protrusions of the Corpora quadrigemina that are auditory relay centers.
|
|
|
The two pigmented nuclei found in the midbrain.
|
1. Substantia nigra
2. Red nucleus |
|
|
Substantia Nigra.
|
Midbrain nuclei: Dark colored nuclei, pigmented with melanin (a precursor for the dopamine these nuclei produce).
|
|
|
Oval Red Nucleus.
|
Midbrain nuclei: lie deep to the substantia nigra, red colored from their rich blood supply and iron. Relay center for motor pathways involved in limb flexion and part of the reticular formation.
|
|
|
The bulging brain stem region found between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata.
|
The Pons.
|
|
|
The componants of the Pons.
|
Conduction tracts that serve as relay stations and nuclei involved in breathing and the reticular formation.
|
|
|
The cranial nerves that come from the pons.
|
1. Trigeminal
2. Abducens 3. Facial nerves |
|
|
Medulla Oblongata.
|
The most inferior part of the brainstem.
Has two longitudinal ridges called pyramids in it's midline formed by pyramidal tracts. |
|
|
Decussation of the pyramids.
|
The cross-over point for the pyramidal tracts just above the medulla-spinal cord joint. (why the brain sides control the opposite body sides)
|
|
|
Olives.
|
Relay points for sensory information on the state of stretch of muscles and joints on the way to the cerebellum.
|
|
|
The cranial nerves that come from the medulla oblongata.
|
1. Hypoglossal
2. Vagus 3. Glossopharyngeal |
|
|
The _________ nerve synapses at the medulla oblongata with the ________ nuclei to maintain equilibrium.
|
The Vestibulocochlear nerve and the cochlear nuclei synapse at the medulla to ___________.
|
|
|
The medulla oblongata nuclei's functions:
|
1. The cardiovascular center (regulates heart rate and blood vessel diameter)
2. The respiratory center (controls breathing rate) 3. Other centers (for vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, ect.) |
|
|
The part of the brain whose activity is subconscious.
|
The cerebellum.
|
|
|
Cerebellum.
|
The muscle control/coordination center.
|
|
|
Deep fissures of the cerebellum divide it into these three lobes.
|
The _______ is made of the anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes.
|
|
|
The worm-like connection between the two cerebellar hemispheres.
|
Vermis.
|
|
|
Transversely oriented, pleatlike gyri the highely convolute the cerebellar surface.
|
Folia.
|
|
|
The result if there is injury to the cerebellum.
|
Injury here results in loss of muscle tone and clumy and unsure movement.
|
|
|
Plays a role in recognizing and predicting sequences of events in movement and in some nonmotor functions like word association and puzzle soving.
|
Cerebellum function.
|
