1.2 Physiology

Front 1

What are the 4 types of extracellular signaling molecules:

PASS

Back 1

Amines

Peptides and Proteins

Steroids

Small Molecules (amino acids, nucleotides, ions, gases)

Front 2

What are the various types of Cell Communication

Back 2

endocrine

paracrine

autocrine

juxtacrine

intracrine

Front 3

intercellular communication between emitting cell or immediately adjacent cell -- REQUIRES PHYSICAL CONTACT unlike endocrine and paracrine

Back 3

juxtacrine

Front 4

refers to a hormone that acts INSIDE a cell

ex: steroid hormone

Back 4

Intracrine

Front 5

What are the 4 RECEPTOR classifications

Back 5

Ligand-gated ion channels

G protein-coupled receptors

Catalytic Receptors

Nuclear Receptors

Front 6

When a G-protein gets activated --

what happens?

Back 6

G-protein activated

----GTP displaces the GDP bound to G-protein

activated G-protein goes and activates a protein

hydrolyzes of bound GTP causes deactivation of G-protein

Front 7

True or False

The G-protein linked receptor, the G-protein and the target enzyme ALL remain bound to the plasma membrane.

Back 7

True

Front 8

GAP JUNCTIONS are an example of what type of cell communication?

Back 8

JUXTACRINE

Front 9

ADHERING JUNCTIONS form as the result of the ? dependent interactions of transmembrane proteins CADHERIN

Back 9

Ca2+ dependent interactions

Front 10

Cadherins (transmembrane proteins) interact with intracellular proteins ?

these intracellular proteins serve as a attachment for intracellular ? skeleton

Back 10

CATENINS


Actin Cytoskeleton

Front 11

TIGHT JUNCTIONS have transmembrane proteins called ? and ? which help form their structure.

Back 11

CLAUDINS

OCCLUDINS

Front 12

Define IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS

Back 12

signaling molecule itself controls the opening and closing of an ion channel

Front 13

Describe the typical G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

(5)

Back 13

single polypeptide chain

7 membrane spanning helical segments

extracellular GLYCOSYLATED N-Terminus

intracellular HYDROPHILIC domain at cytoplasmic C-Terminus

Between HELICES 5 and 6 --cytoplasmic loop of HYDROPHILIC amino residues

Front 14

What part of the G-protein subunit BINDS and HYDROLYZES GTP?

Back 14

α-subunit

Front 15

What G-protein subuint will stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASE?

Back 15

Gα subunit

Front 16

When a G-protein gets activated --

what happens?

Back 16

G-protein activated

----GTP displaces the GDP bound to G-protein

activated G-protein goes and activates a protein

hydrolyzes of bound GTP causes deactivation of G-protein

Front 17

True or False

The G-protein linked receptor, the G-protein and the target enzyme ALL remain bound to the plasma membrane.

Back 17

True

Front 18

GAP JUNCTIONS are an example of what type of cell communication?

Back 18

JUXTACRINE

Front 19

ADHERING JUNCTIONS form as the result of the ? dependent interactions of transmembrane proteins CADHERIN

Back 19

Ca2+ dependent interactions

Front 20

Cadherins (transmembrane proteins) interact with intracellular proteins ?

these intracellular proteins serve as a attachment for intracellular ? skeleton

Back 20

CATENINS


Actin Cytoskeleton

Front 21

TIGHT JUNCTIONS have transmembrane proteins called ? and ? which help form their structure.

Back 21

CLAUDINS

OCCLUDINS

Front 22

Define IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS

Back 22

signaling molecule itself controls the opening and closing of an ion channel

Front 23

Describe the typical G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

(5)

Back 23

single polypeptide chain

7 membrane spanning helical segments

extracellular GLYCOSYLATED N-Terminus

intracellular HYDROPHILIC domain at cytoplasmic C-Terminus

Between HELICES 5 and 6 --cytoplasmic loop of HYDROPHILIC amino residues

Front 24

What part of the G-protein subunit BINDS and HYDROLYZES GTP?

Back 24

α-subunit

Front 25

What G-protein subuint will stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASE?

Back 25

Gα subunit

Front 26

Name 3 things G Proteins can activate

Back 26

Adenylyl Cyclase

Phosphodiesterase (cGMP > GMP)

Phospholipases

Front 27

What catalyzes the breakdown of cGMP to GMP

Back 27

Phosphodiesterase

Front 28

What converts ATP to cAMP?

Back 28

Adenylyl Cyclase

Front 29

What cleaves Phosphatidylionsitol bisphosphate (PIP2) into DAG and IP3?

Back 29

Phospholipase C

Front 30

G-protein ? subunit activates PHOSPHOLIPASE C and cleaves ? into ? and ?

Back 30

αq subunit

cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

Front 31

What does DAG stimulate?

Back 31

Protein Kinase C

Front 32

Whate does IP3 do after being released from PIP2?

Back 32

IP3 binds to receptor on ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and releases Ca2+

Front 33

βγ subunit of G proteins interact with a class of ? and help INCREASE their permeability rendering the cell more resistant to excitation.

Back 33

K+ Channel

Front 34

activated G? coupled receptors results in the stimulation of ADENYLYL CYCLASE and a rise in cAMP

Back 34

Gs-coupled receptors

Front 35

describe cAMP pathway

Back 35

activate Gs-coupled receptors

activate ADENYLYL CYCLASE

increase cAMP

activates cAMP-dependent PROTEIN KINASE A (PKA)

phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues

Front 36

cAMP-dependent PROTEIN KINASE A phosphorylates what amino acid residues on proteins?

Back 36

SERINE or THREONINE

Front 37

True or False

cAMP PROTEIN KINASE A can either sensitize or desensitize cells

Back 37

True

B2 adrenergic receptor --desensitize

CFTR -- increases Cl- channel activity

Front 38

Chloera and McCune-Albright Syndrome deal with excess ?

Back 38

excess cAMP

Front 39

Describe TYROSINE-KINASE RECEPTOR activator

Back 39

2 signal molecules bind to 2 Tyrosine-Kinase Receptors

---causes TKR to form a DIMER

---activation of TYROSINE KINASE

---phosphorylates TYROSINE residues on target protein

----->activates MAPK

Front 40

Tyrosine Kinase downstream target ---?

Back 40

MAPK

Front 41

What is the cGMP Pathway?

Back 41

activate G-Protein

--activate cGMP phosphodiesterase

--lowers [cGMP]i

--closes cGMP gated nonselective CATION channel

Front 42

Where are PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS most located in the cell membrane?

Back 42

internal leaflet

Front 43

PLCβ is typically activated downstream of certain G proteins such as ?

causes what?

Back 43

Gq

PIP2 ---> IP3 + DAG

Front 44

PLCγ has a SH2 domain and is typically activated ?

Back 44

activated by certain TYROSINE KINASES

Front 45

IP3 receptor (ITPR) is a ligand-gated Ca2+ channel located in the membrane of the ?

---related to RYANODINE RECEPTOR

Back 45

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 46

Ryanodine Receptors are responsible for releasing ? from ? allowing muscle contractions

Back 46

release Ca2+ from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Front 47

IP3 receptor (ITPR) can be phosphorylated by ? (3)

Back 47

Protein Kinase A
Protein Kinase C
Ca2+ - Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases

Front 48

Dephosphorylation of IP3 terminates the release of Ca2_ from intracellular stores.

What pump then moves the Ca2+ back into the ER?

Back 48

SERCA

(ATP-fueled Ca2+ pump)

Front 49

the most important function of DAG is to activate ? which is a ? kinase

Back 49

activate PROTEIN KINASE C

SERINE / THREONINE KINASE


DO NOT FORGET THIS
DAG >>> PKC

Front 50

PKC α, β, γ (classical) require ? for activation

Back 50

require DAG and Ca2+

Front 51

PKC δ , ε , η (novel) require ? for activation

Back 51

require DAG

independent of Ca2+

Front 52

PKC ζ and λ (atypical) require ? for activation

Back 52

independent of DAG and Ca2+

Front 53

? initiates the cellular actions of ARACHIDONIC ACID by releasing the fatty acid from the ester bond glycerold-based phospholipids

Back 53

PHOSPHOLIPASE A2

(PLA2)

Front 54

3 different pathways convert ARACHIDONIC ACIDS into a metabolite called ?

Back 54

EICOSANOIDS (20 carbons)

Front 55

What are the 3 different pathways for ARACHIDONIC ACID >>> EICOSANOID ?

Back 55

CYCLOOXYGENASE
--thromboxanes
-prostaglandins
-prostacyclin

5-LIPOXYGENASE
-leukotrines
-HETE compounds

EPOXYGENASE
-HETE compounds
-EET compounds

Front 56

CYCLOOXYGENASE produces ? ? ?

what do they do?

Back 56

Prostaglandin
Prostacyclin
Thromboxanes

VASOACTIVE
regulate PLATELET action
modulate ION transport

Front 57

5-LIPOXYGENASE produces ? and ?

what do they do?

Back 57

leukotrienes

HETE compounds

---leukotrienes cause INFLAMMATORY response

Front 58

EPOXYGENASE produces ? and ?

what do they do?

Back 58

HEET compounds

EET compounds

--enhance Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and enhance cell proliferation

Front 59

Epoxygenase enzymes are part of the ? class

Back 59

Cytochrome P-450

Front 60

What G protein family activates PLA2?

what subunit of G-protein activates it?

KNOW THIS

Back 60

Gi / Go protein family


G-protein β γ subunit
--directly
--indirectly through MAPKinase which phosphorylates PLA2 at SERINE residue

Front 61

True or False

The activation of PLA2 is by G protein α subunit.

Back 61

FALSE

PLA2 is activated by
G-protein β γ subunit !!!!

DONT YOU DARE MISS THIS

Front 62

Which isoform of CYCLOOXYGENASE is expressed in CONSTITUTIVE fashion?

Back 62

COX -1


----COX-2 is induced by specific stimuli

Front 63

ASPRIN (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID) irreversibly inhibits ? by acetylating a ? residue at the top of the hydrophobic channel

Back 63

inhibit COX-1

acetylates SERINE residue

Front 64

COX-1 activation play an important role in intravascular thrombosis as it leads to ? synthesis by platelets

Back 64

THROMBOXANE A2 synthesis

Front 65

by taking low-dose asprin---

inhibition of ? prevents the formation of ? synthesis by platelets

Back 65

inhibits COX-1

inhibits synthesis of THROMBOXANE A2

Front 66

COX-1 produces cytoprotective ? in the gastric mucosa and helps prevent unwanted ulcers

Back 66

PROSTACYCLINS

Front 67

if you want to decrease an INFLAMMATORY response --what should you inhibit?

Back 67

COX-2

Front 68

True or False

IBUPROFEN is a NONSELECTIVE COX inhibitor.

Back 68

True