Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
motivation
|
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
|
|
instinct
|
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned. Fixed through out a species and unlearned
many in other species, examples for humans- rooting and sucking for nursing instinct theory is now replaced by the evolutionary perspective |
|
drive-reduction theory
|
replaced instinct theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need physiological aim is homeostasis when both a need and an incentive is present drive is very strong interaction between inner pushes and external pulls |
|
homeostasis
|
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
|
|
incentive
|
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
|
|
arousal theory
|
emphasizes the urge for an optimum level of stimulation.
if needs are satisfied we feel driven to experience stimulation. if overstimulated experience stress and then look for ways to decrease stimulation |
|
hierarchy of needs perspective
|
Abraham Maslow
describes how some motives are, if unsatisfied, more basic and compelling than others. |
|
what are Maslow's needs and where do they each sit on the pyramid?
|
not universal but hierarchy provides a framework for thinking about motivated behaviors. Base needs met first before others motivate.
base-physiological needs, the need to satisfy hunger and thirst -safety needs, need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure and stable -belongingness and love needs, need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation -esteem needs, need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others -self actualization needs, need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential |
|
what experiment did ancel keys and his associates carry out in 1950
|
logged the results of semi-starvation. took 36 male volunteers and fed them enough to maintain their starting weight. then for six months they cut food level in half. The men began conserving energy, body weights dropped rapidly, became obsessed with food and lost interest in sex and social activities
|
|
what are the physiological determinants of hunger?
|
washburn and cannon showed hunger corresponds to stomachs contractions
variations in body chemistry such as insulin, leptin, orexin, ghrelin and PYY. all info. is integrated in two areas of hypothalamus and regulate the body's weight by affecting our feelings of hunger and satiety. |
|
glucose
|
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
|
|
insulin
|
a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
It diminishes blood glucose partly by converting it to stored fat.. if the blood glucose level drops your hunger increases. |
|
what are the two hypothalamic centers that help control eating and what do they do?
|
lateral hypothalamus(along the sides)bring on hunger. when electrically stimulated well fed animals would begin to eat. if area destroyed even starving animals had no interest in food.
produces orexin a hunger triggering hormone in response to low blood sugar levels ventromedial hypothalamus(lower mid section) depresses hunger. Stimulate this area and an animal will stop eating, destroy it and the stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, causing extreme obesity. Tumors in this area often lead to large weight gain. |
|
ghrelin
|
a hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
|
|
leptin
|
protein secreted by fat cells, when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
|
|
PYY
|
digestive tract hormone, sends i'm not hungry signals to the brain.
|
|
set point
|
the point at which an individual's weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, and increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
|
|
basal metabolic rate
|
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
|
|
settling point
|
preferred over set point. the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure (influenced by environment as well as biology
|
|
by the end of keys experiment the men stabilized at what percentage of their initial weight?
|
75% even though the food was cut by half. this accomplished through reduced energy expenditure, partly by physical lethargy and partly by a 29% drop in their basal metabolic rate.
|
|
Paul Rozin 1998 did an experiment about hunger what was it?
|
tested two patients with amnesia. If 20 minutes after eating a normal lunch the patients were offered another both readily consumed it and also one offered 20 minutes later again. suggests that part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal
|
|
carbohydrates boost levels of?
|
the neurotransmitter seratonin which has calming effects
|
|
what preferences for tastes are genetic and universal?
|
sweet and salty
|
|
neophobia
|
avoidance of the unfamiliar. in this context related to food
|
|
anorexia nervosa
|
an eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly (15% or more)underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
|
|
Bulimia nervosa
|
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of hight-calorie food (craving sweet and high fat foods), followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise.
|
|
eating behavior is affected by
|
biological, psychological and social cultural factors
|
|
give six biological influences on hunger motivation
|
-mid-hypothalamic centers in brain monitoring appetite
-appetite hormones -stomach pangs -set/settling point weight -universal attraction to sweet and salty -adaptive wariness toward novel foods |
|
give four psychological influences on hunger motivation
|
-sight and smell of food
-variety of foods available -memory of time elapsed since last meal -mood |
|
give two social-cultural influences on hunger motivation
|
culturally learned taste preferences
learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness |
|
sexual response cycle
|
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson are excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
|
|
Who did the first sexual research
|
Alfred Kinsey a Indiana University biologist in the 40s.
Did surveys about peoples sexual practices. Non random sample critisized |
|
what happens during the excitement phase
|
the genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breast and nipple may enlarge
|
|
what happens in the plateau phase
|
excitement peaks but breating, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. penis becomes fully engorged and some fluid may appear at its tip. vaginal secretion continues to increase, the clitoris retracts and orgasm feels imminent.
|
|
orgasm
|
muscle contractions all over the body accompanied by increases in breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates.
feeling much the same for both sexes same subcortical brain regions glow when orgasming for men and women |
|
resolution phase
|
body gradually returns to its unaroused state
|
|
refractory period
|
both in men and women the period when incapable of another orgasm. For women it is shorter than men.
|
|
sexual disorder
|
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. For men some are premature ejaculation and erectile disorder and for women, orgasmic disorder.
|
|
what is the root of motivation
|
motion
|
|
obstacle box
|
used in lab tests on motivation. Consists of start platform and goal platform with shock panel in between the two.
|
|
when tested in an obstacle box when does sex, thirst, hunger peak and what is the fourth and strongest motivation?
|
hunger peaks at 2-3 days
thirst peaks at 1 day sex peaks at 1 day but doesn't get worse if refused the most powerful motivation is maternal motivation and it peaks instantaneously. |
|
What are two types of drives and give some examples of each
|
regulatory- oxygen, thirst, hunger
non regulatory -sex, achievment |
|
true or false, all motivational states are unpleasant
|
true
|
|
explain how homeostasis acts like a thermostat
|
like a furnace thermostate homeostasis works by keeping the balance of something within a certain range. At the set point the optimal needs are met, but it is not until the stop point when there is a surplus that it turns off and on the other end a start point when there is a deficit or a need state
|
|
hypothalamus is a hub of many central drive systems which ones does it control in relation to motivation?
|
thirst, hunger, body temperature and some sex drives
|
|
hunger signals come from ...
|
neural and non neural sources
|
|
in hunger studies when the ventromedial area is lesioned what happens to eating patterns
|
animal overeats and its weight rises
|
|
in hunger studies what happens to eating patterns when the ventromedial area is stimulated?
|
animal stops eating
|
|
in hunger studies when the lateral posterial part of the hypothalamus is lesioned what happens to eating patterns
|
animal stops eating and becomes aphagic. Very hard to get to eat.
|
|
in hunger studies what happens to eating patterns when the lateral posterial part of the hypothalamus is stimulated?
|
Animal overeats
|
|
which area of the hypothalmus is the on switch for eating and which is the off switch?
Lateral hypothamus or ventromedial hypothalamus |
off- ventromedial hypothalamus
on- lateral posterial hypothalamus |
|
hypothalamus interaction is based on
|
homeostasis or regulatory drives
|
|
non regulatory drive is...
|
incentive based
|
|
if there are huge fluctuations in food supply what happens to the hypothalamus setpoint
|
it increases, everytime there is a fluctuation in weight there is a small upward drift in the set point. This is why most diets are counterproductive
|
|
What was the Cannon and Washburn experiment involving hunger signals?
|
balloon in stomach, recorded stomach contractions, pushed button when had hunger feelings, hunger feeling matched with contractions
|
|
give some non neural signals of behaviour
|
stomach contractions, also responds to nutrients not bulk for fullness feeling
intestines hormone released when food passed to intestines responds to bulk liver- high blood sugar=glucose converts to glycogin for storage, low blood sugar = glycogen converted to glucose, rising blood sugar level=pancreas secretes insulin which facilitates entry of glucose into cells which triggers hunger as glucose out of blood liipostatic theory- leptin produced by fat metabolism which turns off eating in hypothalmus (a set point for amount of fat stored at the cellular level |
|
give three types of cognitive incentive based hunger motives
|
social factors
conditioned association of food with comfort and consolation escape from unpleasent thoughts through pleasure |
|
the basic regulator is the hypothalamus which is influenced by the
|
emotions (limbic system) and learned factors ( the frontal lobe)
|
|
digestive system is influenced by
|
blood glucose, leptin, insulin
|
|
according to the national institute of health what percent of people who loose weight, gain it back in five years.
|
98%, and they tend to gain more than started with.
"diets are the leading cause of obesity" |
|
What makes a diet a fad diet?
|
promote quick weight loss(effective weight loss is always slow)
limit food selections and dictate specific rituals usch as eating frruit only for breakfast or cabbage soup every day use testimonials from famous people and tie to famous cities bill as cure all, works for everyone expensive suppliments no attempts to change eating habits permanently generally critical and skeptical of scientific community |
|
how is obesity increasing internationally?
|
50% in USA
less in Japan other European countries a bit less than usa but similar |
|
the heaviest and the thinnest people are what percent more suceptable to health problems
|
30%
|
|
What is essential fat
|
all fat is not bad we need it to pad organs(one reason why women have more subcutaneous fat than men ie uterus), as insulation and as an energy source. There is a minimun amount you need a day
|
|
where is fat stored?
|
bone marrow, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, intestine, breasts
|
|
which way of storing fat on the body is associated with hight health risk and what are these risks?
|
Apple(weight in abdominals)
coronary problems, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, early death |
|
how do we measure how people carry weight
|
by measuring the hip to waist ratio
|
|
can simple weight tell us if one is obese?
|
no
|
|
What is the BMI, how does one measure it and who uses it?
|
Body Mass Index, its is used by doctors and researchers as a measure of obesity
measured by dividing the weight (kg)by teh height (m squared) |
|
who does the BMI not work for and why?
|
athletes, because muscle heavier than fat.
|
|
what are some BMI measurements for ideal, obese, underweight
|
ideal- 19-24.9
obese- 30-34.9 underwieight less than 19 |
|
what are some of the psychological problems associated with obesity
|
anxiety, depression, impaired social functioning, weight discrimination in hiring
|
|
disordered eating is an...
|
inordinate focus on body weight
|
|
what are the two effects of sex hormones
|
direct physical development of male and female sex characteristics
activate sexual behavior. |
|
When does estrogen peak?
|
at ovulation
|
|
give three biological influences, two psychologial influences and three social cultural influences on sexual motivation
|
biological influences- sexual maturity, sex hormones, esp. testosterone, sexual orientation
psychological influences-exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies social-cultural influences- family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations |
|
what is estrogen
|
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In non human female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
|
|
what is testosterone
|
most important male sex hormone. both male and female have it but more im males which stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
|
|
what factors are strongest for sexual motivation
|
psychological and social cultural factors more than biological
|
|
what is our most significant sex organ?
|
the brain
|
|
What are the tentative biological correlates of sexual orientation?
|
Brain differences
-one hypothalamic cell cluster is larger in straight males than gay males and women -gay men's hypothalamus reacts as does a woman's to the smell of sex related hormones -anterior commissure is larger in gay men than in women or straight men Genetic influences -shared sexual orientation higher among identical twins than fraternal twins -sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated Prenatal hormonal influences -altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals -men with several older brothers more likely to be gay |
|
what factors contribute to teen pregnancy in north america
|
ignorance of potential consequences
guilt related to sexual activity minimal communication about contraception with parents, partners and peers alcohol use mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity |
|
who seems to be largely vulnerable to STIs
|
young people under the age of 25 account for two thirds of such infections. expecially teen girls, lower levels of antibodies and less mature bodies
|
|
what percent of women and men are considered homosexual?
|
3-4% of men and 1-2 % of women
|
|
Is there any support for homosexuality being linked with child's relationships with parents, father absent homes, childhood sexual experiences, peer relationships or dating experiences.
|
NO
|
|
what is the adaptive value of social attachments
|
it boosted our ancestors chances for survival
|
|
what are the healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong
|
when socially secure people tend to be healthier and have lower levels of depression, sicide and early death
when ostracized can suffer from stress and depression-a real pain that increases activity in the same brain areas that respond to physical pain. |
|
define flow as it relates to motivation at work
|
a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
|
|
define industrial organizational psychology
|
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
|
|
define personnel psychology
|
a subfield of industrial organizational psychology. Focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development
|
|
define organizational psychology
|
a subfield of I/O psych that examines organizational influences of worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
|
|
what is achievement motivation
|
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people or ideas; for attaining a high standard
|
|
what is task leadership?
|
goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work and focuses attention on goals
|
|
what is social leadership?
|
group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
|
|
when people view their job as a _____________ they report the highest satisfaction with their job
|
calling
|
|
personnel psychology, organizational psychology and human factors psychology are subfields of which dicipline
|
Industrial-organizational (I/0) Psychology
|
|
what kinds of errors or bias can affect performance appraisal in structured job interviews?
|
halo errors-judgements based on personal qualities not on the job behavior
Leniency or severity errors- blanket judgments treating everyone too kindly or harshly recency errors-judgements based on easily remembered recent behavior |
|
How does employee satisfaction translate into a benefit for the company
|
tends to translate into higher profits, higher productivity, lower turnover, and more loyal customers
|