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98 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
motivation
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned. Fixed through out a species and unlearned

many in other species, examples for humans- rooting and sucking for nursing

instinct theory is now replaced by the evolutionary perspective
drive-reduction theory
replaced instinct theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

physiological aim is homeostasis

when both a need and an incentive is present drive is very strong
interaction between inner pushes and external pulls
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
arousal theory
emphasizes the urge for an optimum level of stimulation.

if needs are satisfied we feel driven to experience stimulation. if overstimulated experience stress and then look for ways to decrease stimulation
hierarchy of needs perspective
Abraham Maslow
describes how some motives are, if unsatisfied, more basic and compelling than others.
what are Maslow's needs and where do they each sit on the pyramid?
not universal but hierarchy provides a framework for thinking about motivated behaviors. Base needs met first before others motivate.

base-physiological needs, the need to satisfy hunger and thirst

-safety needs, need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure and stable

-belongingness and love needs, need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

-esteem needs, need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

-self actualization needs, need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential
what experiment did ancel keys and his associates carry out in 1950
logged the results of semi-starvation. took 36 male volunteers and fed them enough to maintain their starting weight. then for six months they cut food level in half. The men began conserving energy, body weights dropped rapidly, became obsessed with food and lost interest in sex and social activities
what are the physiological determinants of hunger?
washburn and cannon showed hunger corresponds to stomachs contractions

variations in body chemistry such as insulin, leptin, orexin, ghrelin and PYY.

all info. is integrated in two areas of hypothalamus and regulate the body's weight by affecting our feelings of hunger and satiety.
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
insulin
a hormone secreted by the pancreas.

It diminishes blood glucose partly by converting it to stored fat.. if the blood glucose level drops your hunger increases.
what are the two hypothalamic centers that help control eating and what do they do?
lateral hypothalamus(along the sides)bring on hunger. when electrically stimulated well fed animals would begin to eat. if area destroyed even starving animals had no interest in food.
produces orexin a hunger triggering hormone in response to low blood sugar levels

ventromedial hypothalamus(lower mid section) depresses hunger. Stimulate this area and an animal will stop eating, destroy it and the stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, causing extreme obesity. Tumors in this area often lead to large weight gain.
ghrelin
a hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
leptin
protein secreted by fat cells, when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger
PYY
digestive tract hormone, sends i'm not hungry signals to the brain.
set point
the point at which an individual's weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, and increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
basal metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
settling point
preferred over set point. the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure (influenced by environment as well as biology
by the end of keys experiment the men stabilized at what percentage of their initial weight?
75% even though the food was cut by half. this accomplished through reduced energy expenditure, partly by physical lethargy and partly by a 29% drop in their basal metabolic rate.
Paul Rozin 1998 did an experiment about hunger what was it?
tested two patients with amnesia. If 20 minutes after eating a normal lunch the patients were offered another both readily consumed it and also one offered 20 minutes later again. suggests that part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal
carbohydrates boost levels of?
the neurotransmitter seratonin which has calming effects
what preferences for tastes are genetic and universal?
sweet and salty
neophobia
avoidance of the unfamiliar. in this context related to food
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly (15% or more)underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of hight-calorie food (craving sweet and high fat foods), followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise.
eating behavior is affected by
biological, psychological and social cultural factors
give six biological influences on hunger motivation
-mid-hypothalamic centers in brain monitoring appetite
-appetite hormones
-stomach pangs
-set/settling point weight
-universal attraction to sweet and salty
-adaptive wariness toward novel foods
give four psychological influences on hunger motivation
-sight and smell of food
-variety of foods available
-memory of time elapsed since last meal
-mood
give two social-cultural influences on hunger motivation
culturally learned taste preferences

learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson are excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Who did the first sexual research
Alfred Kinsey a Indiana University biologist in the 40s.
Did surveys about peoples sexual practices. Non random sample critisized
what happens during the excitement phase
the genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breast and nipple may enlarge
what happens in the plateau phase
excitement peaks but breating, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. penis becomes fully engorged and some fluid may appear at its tip. vaginal secretion continues to increase, the clitoris retracts and orgasm feels imminent.
orgasm
muscle contractions all over the body accompanied by increases in breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates.

feeling much the same for both sexes

same subcortical brain regions glow when orgasming for men and women
resolution phase
body gradually returns to its unaroused state
refractory period
both in men and women the period when incapable of another orgasm. For women it is shorter than men.
sexual disorder
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. For men some are premature ejaculation and erectile disorder and for women, orgasmic disorder.
what is the root of motivation
motion
obstacle box
used in lab tests on motivation. Consists of start platform and goal platform with shock panel in between the two.
when tested in an obstacle box when does sex, thirst, hunger peak and what is the fourth and strongest motivation?
hunger peaks at 2-3 days
thirst peaks at 1 day
sex peaks at 1 day but doesn't get worse if refused
the most powerful motivation is maternal motivation and it peaks instantaneously.
What are two types of drives and give some examples of each
regulatory- oxygen, thirst, hunger

non regulatory -sex, achievment
true or false, all motivational states are unpleasant
true
explain how homeostasis acts like a thermostat
like a furnace thermostate homeostasis works by keeping the balance of something within a certain range. At the set point the optimal needs are met, but it is not until the stop point when there is a surplus that it turns off and on the other end a start point when there is a deficit or a need state
hypothalamus is a hub of many central drive systems which ones does it control in relation to motivation?
thirst, hunger, body temperature and some sex drives
hunger signals come from ...
neural and non neural sources
in hunger studies when the ventromedial area is lesioned what happens to eating patterns
animal overeats and its weight rises
in hunger studies what happens to eating patterns when the ventromedial area is stimulated?
animal stops eating
in hunger studies when the lateral posterial part of the hypothalamus is lesioned what happens to eating patterns
animal stops eating and becomes aphagic. Very hard to get to eat.
in hunger studies what happens to eating patterns when the lateral posterial part of the hypothalamus is stimulated?
Animal overeats
which area of the hypothalmus is the on switch for eating and which is the off switch?

Lateral hypothamus or ventromedial hypothalamus
off- ventromedial hypothalamus
on- lateral posterial hypothalamus
hypothalamus interaction is based on
homeostasis or regulatory drives
non regulatory drive is...
incentive based
if there are huge fluctuations in food supply what happens to the hypothalamus setpoint
it increases, everytime there is a fluctuation in weight there is a small upward drift in the set point. This is why most diets are counterproductive
What was the Cannon and Washburn experiment involving hunger signals?
balloon in stomach, recorded stomach contractions, pushed button when had hunger feelings, hunger feeling matched with contractions
give some non neural signals of behaviour
stomach contractions, also responds to nutrients not bulk for fullness feeling

intestines hormone released when food passed to intestines responds to bulk

liver- high blood sugar=glucose converts to glycogin for storage, low blood sugar = glycogen converted to glucose, rising blood sugar level=pancreas secretes insulin which facilitates entry of glucose into cells which triggers hunger as glucose out of blood

liipostatic theory- leptin produced by fat metabolism which turns off eating in hypothalmus (a set point for amount of fat stored at the cellular level
give three types of cognitive incentive based hunger motives
social factors

conditioned association of food with comfort and consolation

escape from unpleasent thoughts through pleasure
the basic regulator is the hypothalamus which is influenced by the
emotions (limbic system) and learned factors ( the frontal lobe)
digestive system is influenced by
blood glucose, leptin, insulin
according to the national institute of health what percent of people who loose weight, gain it back in five years.
98%, and they tend to gain more than started with.

"diets are the leading cause of obesity"
What makes a diet a fad diet?
promote quick weight loss(effective weight loss is always slow)

limit food selections and dictate specific rituals usch as eating frruit only for breakfast or cabbage soup every day

use testimonials from famous people and tie to famous cities

bill as cure all, works for everyone

expensive suppliments

no attempts to change eating habits permanently

generally critical and skeptical of scientific community
how is obesity increasing internationally?
50% in USA

less in Japan
other European countries a bit less than usa but similar
the heaviest and the thinnest people are what percent more suceptable to health problems
30%
What is essential fat
all fat is not bad we need it to pad organs(one reason why women have more subcutaneous fat than men ie uterus), as insulation and as an energy source. There is a minimun amount you need a day
where is fat stored?
bone marrow, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, intestine, breasts
which way of storing fat on the body is associated with hight health risk and what are these risks?
Apple(weight in abdominals)

coronary problems, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, early death
how do we measure how people carry weight
by measuring the hip to waist ratio
can simple weight tell us if one is obese?
no
What is the BMI, how does one measure it and who uses it?
Body Mass Index, its is used by doctors and researchers as a measure of obesity

measured by dividing the weight (kg)by teh height (m squared)
who does the BMI not work for and why?
athletes, because muscle heavier than fat.
what are some BMI measurements for ideal, obese, underweight
ideal- 19-24.9

obese- 30-34.9

underwieight less than 19
what are some of the psychological problems associated with obesity
anxiety, depression, impaired social functioning, weight discrimination in hiring
disordered eating is an...
inordinate focus on body weight
what are the two effects of sex hormones
direct physical development of male and female sex characteristics

activate sexual behavior.
When does estrogen peak?
at ovulation
give three biological influences, two psychologial influences and three social cultural influences on sexual motivation
biological influences- sexual maturity, sex hormones, esp. testosterone, sexual orientation

psychological influences-exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies

social-cultural influences- family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations
what is estrogen
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In non human female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
what is testosterone
most important male sex hormone. both male and female have it but more im males which stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
what factors are strongest for sexual motivation
psychological and social cultural factors more than biological
what is our most significant sex organ?
the brain
What are the tentative biological correlates of sexual orientation?
Brain differences
-one hypothalamic cell cluster is larger in straight males than gay males and women
-gay men's hypothalamus reacts as does a woman's to the smell of sex related hormones
-anterior commissure is larger in gay men than in women or straight men

Genetic influences
-shared sexual orientation higher among identical twins than fraternal twins
-sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated

Prenatal hormonal influences
-altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals
-men with several older brothers more likely to be gay
what factors contribute to teen pregnancy in north america
ignorance of potential consequences

guilt related to sexual activity

minimal communication about contraception with parents, partners and peers

alcohol use

mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity
who seems to be largely vulnerable to STIs
young people under the age of 25 account for two thirds of such infections. expecially teen girls, lower levels of antibodies and less mature bodies
what percent of women and men are considered homosexual?
3-4% of men and 1-2 % of women
Is there any support for homosexuality being linked with child's relationships with parents, father absent homes, childhood sexual experiences, peer relationships or dating experiences.
NO
what is the adaptive value of social attachments
it boosted our ancestors chances for survival
what are the healthy and unhealthy consequences of our need to belong
when socially secure people tend to be healthier and have lower levels of depression, sicide and early death

when ostracized can suffer from stress and depression-a real pain that increases activity in the same brain areas that respond to physical pain.
define flow as it relates to motivation at work
a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills
define industrial organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
define personnel psychology
a subfield of industrial organizational psychology. Focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development
define organizational psychology
a subfield of I/O psych that examines organizational influences of worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change
what is achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people or ideas; for attaining a high standard
what is task leadership?
goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work and focuses attention on goals
what is social leadership?
group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
when people view their job as a _____________ they report the highest satisfaction with their job
calling
personnel psychology, organizational psychology and human factors psychology are subfields of which dicipline
Industrial-organizational (I/0) Psychology
what kinds of errors or bias can affect performance appraisal in structured job interviews?
halo errors-judgements based on personal qualities not on the job behavior

Leniency or severity errors- blanket judgments treating everyone too kindly or harshly

recency errors-judgements based on easily remembered recent behavior
How does employee satisfaction translate into a benefit for the company
tends to translate into higher profits, higher productivity, lower turnover, and more loyal customers