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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What maintains ion concentration of the cell and separates it from the extracellular environment
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Plasma membrane
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What are the 2 major cellular compartments
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Cytoplasm
-organelles -inclusions -cytoplasmic matrix Nucleus |
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What are the 2 types of Organelles?
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Membranous Organelles
Non-Membranous Organelles (ribosomes, proteosomes etc) |
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What is the function of organelle membranes?
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increase surface area
compartments for segregating or concentrating substances |
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Cytoplasmic or nuclear structures with characteristic staining properties that are formed from the metabolic processes of cells (may be membranous or nonmembranous)
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Inclusions
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What are the 5 Inclusions?
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Lipofuscin
Hemosiderin Glycogen Granules Lipid Inclusions Crystalline Inclusions |
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accumulation due to cellular senescence (aging), oxidized products of oxidized degradation, old pigments (brown/gold)
SEEN IN NON-DIVIDING CELLS like NEURONS |
Lipofuscin
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What inclusion is an iron storage complex found in spleen where erythrocytes are phagocytosed?
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Hemosiderin
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What inclusion is a glucose storage molecule seen in liver or muscle?
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Glycogen Granules
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What inclusion is a fat droplet, often most of the cytoplasmic volume in adipose tissue.
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Lipid inclusions
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What inclusion is found in Sertoli and Leydig cells and contain vital proteins
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Crystalline Inclusions
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What are the 4 main components of the Plasma Membrane Bilayer
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Phospholipids
Proteins Cholesterol Other membrane components -Glycocalyx -Lipid rafts |
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Embedded proteins in the phospholipid bilayer?
---proteins that span the bilayer? |
Integral Membrane Proteins
--Transmembrane protein (subcategory of IMP) |
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transmembrane proteins have domains that are ? and are used to predict what part is in the bilayer.
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HYDROPHOBIC RESIDUES
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Proteins that are NOT embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are called?
held to membranes by strong ? interactions (usually with integral proteins) |
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
(can be intra or extracellular) IONIC interactions |
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What component of the lipid bilayer inserts between phospholipids and restricts their movements?
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Cholesterol
more Cholesterol = Stiffer bilayer less Cholesterol = Looser bilayer |
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Name the component of the lipid bilayer that is an extracellular coating formed from carbohydrate groups attached to membrane.
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Glycocalyx
---proteins :: GlycoProteins ---lipids :: GlycoLipids |
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Name the component of the lipid bilayer that is a MICRODOMAIN that control movement and distribution of PROTEINS
--help form SIGNALING PLATFORMS |
Lipid Rafts
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What are the 6 categories of INTEGRAL PROTEINS based on function?
PCRLES |
Pumps
Channels Receptors Linkers Enzymes Structural Proteins |
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integral proteins that act as carrier proteins (REQUIRES ENERGY) which transport ions such as Na+ and metabolic precursors are called?
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Pumps
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Type of integral proteins that allows passive diffusion (NO ENERGY) of small ions and molecules across membrane
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Channels
--GAP JUNCTIONS --formed by 2 adjacent cells |
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Plasma membrane blelbs are protrusion of the membrane due to detachment from underlying ? --a consequence of cell injury
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Actin Filaments
(loss of linkers ---IMP) |
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What molecules exhibit SIMPLE DIFFUSION?
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Fat Soluble
small Uncharged molecules |
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What are the 3 mechanisms by which channel proteins are GATED?
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Voltage-Gated (neurotransmitters)
Ligand-Gated (ACh in muscles) Mechanically-Gated (ear) |
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What is the mechanism by which LARGE MOLECULES are transported without exposing the cell to the contents of the vesicle?
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VESICULAR TRANSPORT
--Vesicle Budding --Endocytosis --Exocytosis |
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What are the 2 mechanisms by which SMALL MOLECULES are transported?
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Simple Diffusion
Membrane Transport Proteins --Carrier Protein --Channel Protein |
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what integral protein anchors the intracellular cytoskeleton to the ECM?
ex: integrin --anchors actin to fibronectin |
Linkers
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True or False
Membrane transport proteins are NOT SPECIFIC and can carry LARGE NON-WATER soluble molecules |
FALSE
HIGHLY SPECIFIC --- SMALL WATER SOLUBLE molecules |
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What type of transport mechanism is utilized for LARGE MOLECULES?
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Vesicular Transport
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What are the 3 types of Vesicular Transport?
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Vesicle Budding
Endocytosis Exocytosis |
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Configurational changes int he plasma membrane at LOCALIZED SITES to produce a vesicle. Vesicles formed at one compartment then fuse with the membrane at another compartment.
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Vesicle Budding
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Bulk transport of material INTO THE CELL through the membrane by vesicle formation
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Endocytosis
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Vesicle transport of materials from the cytoplasm to discharge contents to the OUTSIDE OF THE CELL into the ECM
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Exocytosis
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Targeting Mechanism for vesicles is controlled by DOCKING PROTEINS
? proteins on Vesicles ? proteins on Target Membranes |
vSNARES --vesicle
tSNARES --target |
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Type of Endocytosis
--Constitutive (continuous formation) --Clathrin-INDEPENDENT --GTPase (dynamin) |
Pinocytosis
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? is inovlved in pinching off from plasma membrane specially abundant in ENDOTHELIAL and SMOOTH MUSCLE cells
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GTPase DYNAMIN
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What type of ENDOCYTOSIS
nonspecific ingestion of FLUID and SMALL PROTEIN MOLECULES (vesicles ~80nm in diameter) |
Pinocytosis
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What type of endocytosis?
nonspecific ingestion of LARGE PARTICLES such as debris, bacteria (vesicles > 250nm in diameter) |
Phagocytosis
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When phagocytosis occurs ---what are the vesicles called?
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PHAGOSOMES
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Phagocytosis is generally mediated by ? on the surface of the phagocyte that recognizes ? on the surface of pathogen.
? can also recognize ? on pathogens |
Fc Receptors ---phagocyte
Fc fragment of Ab ---pathogen (TLR) Toll Like Receptors ---phagocyte (PAMPS) Pathogen-associated-molecular pattern ---pathogen |
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True or False
Phagocytosis can occur WITHOUT Fc receptor interaction and uptake inert materials such as carbon, dust etc. |
True
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Phagocytosis ---
Clathrin use? Actin use? |
Clathrin INDEPENDENT
Actin DEPENDENT --cytoskeleton must depolymerize and repolymerize |
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Which of the 3 Endocytosis mechanisms is CLATHRIN DEPENDENT?
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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True or False
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis is not specific. |
FALSE
IT IS SPECIFIC!!!!! |
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Where are the receptors for Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis most likely found in the membrane?
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Lipid Rafts
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What protein helps select and target CLATHRIN to receptors in Receptor-mediated Endocytosis?
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Adaptin
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What protein mediates the release of CLATHRIN COATED VESICLES to the inside of the cell?
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GTPase DYNAMIN
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What are the 2 pathways for EXOCYTOSIS?
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Constitutive Pathway
Regulated Secretory Pathway |
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substances for export continuously delivered to plasma membrane in transport vesicles
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Constitutive Pathway (EXOCYTOSIS)
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pathway used in specialized cells in endocrine, exocrine, neurons.
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Regulated Secretory Pathway
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In the Regulated Secretory Pathway ---proteins are concentrated and stored in ?
an influx of ? will cause the vesicles to fuse and discharge content |
Secretory Vesicles
Ca2+ |
