Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What were Muhammad's revelations?
|
He was a messenger of god, and he was the last of the prophets.
|
|
|
Why were Muhammad's ideas unpopular in Mecca?
|
They believed his revolutionary ideas would lead to neglect of the traditional Arab gods. They feared that Mecca would lose its position of pilgrimage center if people accepted his beliefs.
|
|
|
In what way was Hijrah a turning point?
|
Muhhamad attracted many more followers in Medina. He unified Arabs and Jews with his people and people saw him as a political, religious, and military leader.
|
|
|
Why was Muhammad's return to Mecca important?
|
He unified the entire Arabian peninsula under Islam.
|
|
|
What does Islam teach its followers?
|
-only one god, Allah
-good and evil -stand before Allah on judgement day and enter heaven or hell -each individual is responsible for the actions of his or her life |
|
|
How does carrying out the Five Pillars and other laws of Islam affect the daily lives of Muslims?
|
-no pork or wine
-worship and prayer on Friday afternoons |
|
|
How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews?
|
Shari'a law required Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews.
|
|
|
Bedouins
|
Nomads on the Arabian peninsula desert
Their ideas of courage and loyalty to family became part of the Islamic way of life later on. |
|
|
Ka'aba
|
Simple house of worship in the city of Mecca.
The Arabs associated this house with Abraham, a believer of god. |
|
|
Allah
|
One and only god in Islam.
Believing in and praying to Allah were very important parts of the Islamic religion. |
|
|
Hijra
|
The migration from Mecca to Yathric (Medina) for Muhammad in 622.
This migration attracted many new followers of Islam. |
|
|
Medina
|
New name for Yathrid meaning "city of the prophet"
It was here that Muhammad united Arabs and Jews with his own people as one community. |
|
|
Qur'an
|
The holy book of Muslims.
The Muslims believe that the Arabic version of the Qur'an is the true word of god and that it perfects this god's earlier revelations. |
|
|
mosque (manska)
|
An Islamic house of worship.
Muslims prayed at mosques to bring them closer to god as one of their five duties. |
|
|
hajj (haj)
|
Pilgrimage to Mecca.
Muslims believed that they had to perform the hajj at least once in a lifetime as another one of their five duties. |
|
|
Sunna
|
Muhammad's example.
To Muslims, Sunna is the best model for proper living. |
|
|
Shari'a
|
Body of law saying that the guidance of the Qur'an and Sunna is assembled in a practical for to aid Muslims in applying the will of Allah to their daily lives.
This system of law regulates the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims. It brings all aspects of life together and brings a sense of unity to all Muslims. |
|
|
caliph
|
"successor of deputy"
A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government. |
|
|
Abu-Bakr
|
A loyal friend of Muhammad and a man respected for his devotion to Islam. The Muslim community elected him as their leader. In 632, he became the first caliph.
|
|
|
"people of the book"
|
Christians and Jews who were conquered by Muslims. Because the Qur'an forbad forced conversion, the Muslims allowed the conquered peoples to retain their own religion. Christians and Jews paid a poll tax each year in exchange for exemption from military duties. They played important rules as officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the Muslim state.
|
|
|
jizya
|
A poll tax.
|
|
|
Umayyads
|
A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from A.D. 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus. The Umayyads moved the Muslim campital city to Damascus, a distant city in the recently conquered province of Syria. This location made controlling conquered territories easier. The Umayyads also abandoned the simple life of precious caliphs and began to surround themselves with wealth and ceremony similar to that of non-Muslim ruler. This caused division in the Muslim community.
|
|
|
Shi'a
|
"party of" of Ali
The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad. |
|
|
Sunni
|
The followers of Muhammad's example.
The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad. |
|
|
Sufi
|
A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with god through mythical means. The Sufi pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path. They kept Muslims focused on the Qur'an and tradition.
|
|
|
Abbasids
|
A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258. When they came to power, they murdered the remaining members of the Umayyad family.
|
|
|
Fatimid
|
A member of a Muslim dynasty that traced its ancestry to Muhammad's daughter Fatima and that built an empire in North America, Arabia, and Syria in the 10th-12th centuries.
|
|
|
sakk
|
Letters of credit offered by banks in cities throughout the Muslim Empire.
|
|
|
Cordoba
|
City in al-Andalus at one end of the Muslim Empire.
-population of 500,000 -mix of Muslims, Christians and Jews created cosmopolitan atmosphere that attracted poets, philosophers, scientists, and doctors -Arabic language and Muslim customs -70 libraries, 700 mosques, 27 free schools |
|
|
Identify the reasons Muslims were successful in conquering others.
|
-armies were well disciplined and expertly commanded
-weakness in the Byzantine and Persian Empires -persecution of Byzantine or Persian populations who did not support the official state religions, Christianity or Zoroastrianism. |
|
|
How did Muslims treat non-Muslims they conquered?
|
-respect
-tolerance -allowed them to retain their own religion -"people of the book" paid a poll tax each year in exchange for exemption from military duties. |
|
|
What changes did the Umayyads bring to the Muslim Empire?
|
-moved capital city to Damascus, a distant city in the recently conquered province of Syria
-abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs and began to surround themselves with wealth and ceremony similar to that of non-Muslim rulers -leadership issues -fundamental division in Muslim community -Shi'a, Sunni, and Sufi are formed |
|
|
What changes did the Umayyads bring to the Muslim Empire?
|
-Umayyad dynasty set up in Spain (Prince Abd al-Rahman)
-moved capital of empire to new city, Baghdad, in southern Iraq -access to trade, gold, goods, and information about parts of the empire in Asia, Africa, and Europe -strong BUREACRACY: Treasury-kept track of money flow Chancery-prepared letters and documents Special department-managed business of army Diplomats-conduct imperial business -To support bureaucracy, taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim's wealth. |
|
|
What advantages did Muslim merchants and traders have?
|
-Arabic language
-Abbasid dinar -traveled from Cordoba to Baghdad and on to China -offered sakks from banks which they could exchange for cash at a bank in any major city in the empire. |
|
|
House of Wisdom
|
A center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s. It was a combination of a library, academy, and trade center.
|
|
|
al-Razi
|
-Persian scholar and physician
-wrote the "Comprehensive Book", an encyclopedia that drew on knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic, and Indian sources -wrote a "Treatise on Smallpox and Measles" -believed in cleaner air and therefore conducted experiments |
|
|
al-jabr
|
The art of bringing together unknowns to match a known quality. Today, called algebra.
|
|
|
Ibn-Rushd
|
-Muslim philosopher in 1100s
-tied his writings to harmonize Aristotle's and Plato's views with those of Islam -Islamic thinkers attacked him for using Greek philosophical methods to interpret the shari'a -argued that the goal of Greek philosophy and Islam was to find the truth |
|
|
Moses Ben Maimon
|
-Jewish physician
-wrote book, "The Guide of the Perplexed", that blended philosophy, religion, and science -faced strong opposition for his ideas |
|
|
Ibn Khaldun
|
-produced massive history of Muslim North Africa
-introduced new ideas of sociology, economics, politics, and education -established principles for writing about history that required historians to examine critically all facts they presented |
|
|
calligraphy
|
The art of beautiful handwriting. Many artists turned to calligraphy as a result of Islam prohibiting images of living beings.
|
|
|
What were the major Muslim cities? What made these cities to impressive?
|
Cordoba
Cairo Damascus: -fine clothe -outstanding steel swords and armor -control center of Islamic learning Baghdad: -Abbasid capital -site -design -protection -population Urban centers symbolized the strength of the dynasty. |
|
|
Identify and describe the four social classes.
|
1. Upper class- Muslims at birth
2. Second class- converts to Islam. -paid a higher tax than the upper class, but lower than classes of non-Muslim people 3. Third class- the "protected people" along with Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians. 4. Lowest class- Non-Muslim slaves -prisoners of war -performed household work -fought in military |
|
|
Describe the status of Muslim women
|
-Qur-an declares that all men and women, as believers, are equal
-Shari'a gave Muslim women specific legal rights concerning marriage, family, and property -Quran provided for the care of widows and orphans, allowed for divorce, and protected the women's share of an inheritance -responsibilities varied with the income of their husbands -had access to education which allowed them to be poets and scholars -responsible for raising children |
|
|
Muslim achievements
|
Medicine:
-Comprehensive Book -The Method -Treatise on Smallpox and Measles -The Canon of Medicine Math and Science: -al-jabr -astronomy -developed lenses for telescopes and microscopes -charted stars, comets, planets -optics Philosophy and Religion: -Ibn Rush'd writings -The Guide of Perplexed -Mugaddimah Literature: -The Qur'an -poetry of nature and pleasures of life and love -The Thousand and One Nights Art and Architecture: -calligraphy -Roman architecture in Syria -Great Mosque of Damascus blends Byzantine architecture with Muslim ideas |
|
|
steppe
|
-vast belt of dry grassland across the landmass of Eurasia- from Manchurnia to Hungary
-land trade route connecting the East and the West -home to nomadic peoples -very little rain, but dry wind -extreme temperature changes -plentiful rain and mild climate in western steppe -people moved to west and south |
|
|
pastoralists
|
Members of a nomadic group that herds domesticated animals.
|
|
|
clan
|
A group of people descended from a common ancestor.
-steppe nomads -required good leaders -came together when they needed large forced to attack common enemy or raid settled neighbors |
|
|
yurt
|
Portable felt tents in which Asian nomads lived
|
|
|
Genghis Khan
|
-"universal ruler" of the Mongold clans, Temujn
-led Mongols in conquering much of Asia -launched a campaign of terror across Central Asia -assembled Mongol warrior into mighty fighting force -used various tricks to confuse enemy -adopted new weapons and technologies -used new weapons to conquer Chinese cities -believed in terrifying enemies into surrender -died in 1227 from illness |
|
|
Ogadai
|
Genghis Khan's son who became the Great Khan following the death of his father.
-drove armies south, east, and west out of Inner Asia |
|
|
Who came from the western and eastern steppes?
|
Western- Hittities, Aryans
Eastern- Huns, Turks, Mongols |
|
|
What skills did the nomads have that the settle people not have?
|
-horse back riding
-took what they wanted by forced -lived in constant danger of raids |
|
|
Why was Genghis Khan so successful in conquering territory? Discuss the strategies he used.
|
-small Mongol cavalry unit would attack and pretend to gallop away, then the rest of the Mongol army would appear and slaughter enemy
-dressed dummies and prisoners to make army look bigger -spies found out enemy weaknesses |
|
|
What new technology did Genghis Khan use?
|
-leather armor
-lances -daggers -bows and arrows -horses -silk underwear |
|
|
What caused the westward expansion of the Mongols to stop?
|
The death of Ogadai in 1241.
|
|
|
In what ways did the mongols hurt and help the people that they conquered?
|
Hurt:
-epidemic of bubonic plague -wiped out populations of some cities -destroyed ancient irrigation systems in areas such as the Tigris and Euphrates valleys Help: -imposed stability and law and order across much of Eurasia -active trade in ideas, inventions, and goods -Mongol rulers adopted aspects of the culture of the people they ruled -The Ilkhans and the Golden Horde became Muslims -The Great Khans made use of CHinese institutions |
|
|
Kublai Khan
|
-grandson of Genghis Khan
-focused on extending power and range of his own khanate, which already included Mongolia, Korea, Tibet, and northern China. -founded the Yuan Dynasty -united China for the first time in 300 years -opened China to greater foreign contacts and trade -only made few changes to Chinese system of government -did not share ancestors' hatred of civilization -enjoyed living in the luxurious manner of a Chinese emperor -tried to conquer Japan -preserved customs of nomadic ancestors |
|
|
kamikaze
|
"divine wind"
-saved Japan from seaborne invasion |
|
|
Marco Polo
|
-young Venetian trader
-European to visit China -traveled by caravan at 17 on the Silk Roads with father and uncle -learned several Asian languages -Kublai Khan sent him to various Chinese cities on government missions -served Great Khan for 17 years -captured and imprisoned during war -told story of travels and adventures including Chinese cities, wealth, and strange things -another prisoner compiled his stories into book |
|
|
Yuan Dynasty
|
Chinese dynasty founded by Kublai Khan which lasted until 1368.
-Khan united China -control imposed by Mongols across Asian opened China to greater foreign contacts and trade -Khan and his successors tolerated Chinese culture and government -After Kublai Khan died in 1294, Mongol rule weakened. -rebellions broke out as result of resentment people had for Mongol rulers because of famine, flood, disease, economic problems, official corruption. -Chinese rebels overthrew in 1368 |
|
|
How did Kublai Khan feel about China and Chinese culture?
|
-liked China
-tolerated culture -made few changes to system of government -moved capital from Mongolia to China |
|
|
Why were the Mongols unable to conquer Japan?
|
-Japanese warriors fought invaders to a standstill
-"kamikaze" saved them from seaborne invasion |
|
|
What is meant by the quote: "one can conquer the empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it by horseback"? How does this apply to the Mongols in China?
|
-easier to conquer an empire than to rule
-conquering was quicker and easier -China's sophistication made it difficult for Mongols to rule -Mongols gave high government posts to foreigners because they felt as though they were more trustworthy than the Chinese since the foreigners had no local loyalties. |
|
|
Describe the interactions between the Chinese and the Mongols
|
-did not interact well
-little in common -lived apart and obeyed different laws -Mongols kept Chinese out of high government offices and gave the highest government posts to foreigners -Kublai Khan restored Grand Canal and established post roads, or mail routes, that linked China to India and Persia which greatly improved trade |
|
|
What types of foreign people did Kublai invite to China? Why did he prefer them to the Chinese?
|
-Muslims from India, Central Asia, and Persia
-foreigners had no local loyalties |
|
|
How did the Mongols encourage trade?
|
-made caravan routes across Central Asia safe for trade and travel
-established post roads, or mail routes, that linked China to India and Persia which greatly improved trade -traders transported Chinese silk and porcelaine which were desired in Europe and Western Asia |
|
|
Mughal
|
"Mongols"
One of the nomads who invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 16th century and established a powerful empire there |
|
|
Delhi sultanate
|
A loose empire of Turkish warlords. Delhi eventually became the capital. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, 33 different sultans ruled this divided territory from its seat in Delhi.
|
|
|
Timur the Lame
|
Destroyed Delhi in 1398. Delhi was eventually rebuilt.
|
|
|
Babur
|
-11 year old boy in 1494 who inherited kingdom that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikstan
-sensitivity to soldiers -wrote poetry and loved art and gardens -led 12,000 troops to victory against army of 100,000 commanded by sultan of Delhi -defeated massive Rajput army |
|
|
Akbar the Great
|
"Great One"
Babur's grandson who ruled India with wisdom and tolerance from 1556 to 1605 -respectful Muslim -genius at cultural blending -welcomed influences of the Mughal Empire from many cultures -governed through bureaucracy -no economic issues -believed in war for its own sake -military power and political wisdom enabled him to unify land at least 100 million people -established large library -died in 1605 |
|
|
"Divine Faith"
|
-Akbar's religion
-combined Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, Sufism -attracted few followers -offended Muslims |
|
|
Urdu
|
A blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi languages. It is today the official language of Pakistan.
|
|
|
Hindi
|
A mixture of Persian and a local language. It was spoken by the common people of the Mughal Empire.
|
|
|
Jahangir
|
"Grasper of the world"
-Akbar's son -weak ruler -left affairs of state to wife |
|
|
Nur Jahan
|
-Jahangir's wife
-Persian princess -hunted tigers -rode horses with legendary silk -composed poetry -designed clothes -brilliant politician -ousted her son, Khusrau, who rebelled against his father who Nur Jahan made prime minister |
|
|
Shah Jaha
|
-Akbar's grandson
-Nur Jaha's son -cultured man -could not tolerate competition -loved beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal -marriage was an arrangement |
|
|
Sikhs
|
A nonviolent religious group whose doctrines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism (Islamic mysticism)
|
|
|
Mumtaz Mahal
|
Sha Jahan's wife whom he loved very much. She died at age 33 giving birth to her 14th child.
|
|
|
Taj Mahal
|
A beautiful tomb in Agra, India, built by the Mughal emperor Shan Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. This memorial has been called one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.
|
|
|
Aurangzeb
|
The third song of Shah Jahan who ruled the Mughal Empire after his father died. He ruled from 1658 to 1707.
|
|
|
ghazis
|
Warriors for Islam. They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct.
|
|
|
infidels
|
People who didn't believe in Islam. They lived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire.
|
|
|
Osman
|
-most successful ghazi
-gained sudden fame by defeating 2,000 man Byzantine army with a much smaller force -built a small state in Anatolia which his successors expanded by buying land, forming allies, and conquering -"Ottomans" were his followers -military success was based on gunpowder -replaced archers on horseback with musket-carry foot soldiers -among first to use cannons as weapons |
|
|
Mehmet the Conquerer
|
-restored Ottoman military to power after Timur took over briefly
-defeated Venetians -invaded Hungary -overcame army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans -spent two years building force of 125 ships and 100,000 foot soldiers to conquer Constantinople -advanced army -gained Hagia Sophia, most important church in Eastern Christian world, and declared it mosque -Jews, Christians, Muslims, Turks, non-Turks all flowed into Constantinople |
|
|
Selim the Grim
|
-sultan who came to power in 1512
-overthrew brother -murdered brothers -executed nephews and all but one son -defeated Safavids of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran -captured Mecca, Medina, and Cairo |
|
|
Suleiman the Lawgiver
|
-Selim's son
-military leader -conquered Belgrade -conquered island of Rhodes and rest of eastern Mediterranean -conquered Tripoli -conquered coastal cities of Africa where he managed to control trade routes -conquered Hungary -conquered Austria -siege of Vienna failed -Ottoman expansion ended -devoted himself to domestic affairs for two years |
|
|
janissaries
|
Members of an elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire.
|
|
|
devshirme
|
-polity of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers
-took boys from families, educated them, converted them to Islam, trained them as soldiers -non-Muslim girls became slaves |
|
|
millets
|
nations.
The Ottomans allowed Christians and Jews to follow their own religious laws and practices. THe head of the millets reported to the sultan and his staff which brought down conflict among people of various religions. |
|
|
Why were Ottomans, followers of Osman, successful in conquering territory?
|
-huge military success
-gunpowder |
|
|
How did the Muslims treat non-Muslims?
|
-Ottomans acted kindly: didn't make them serve in army, but had to pay personal tax to state
-Mehmet showed respect: opened Constantinople to new citizens -Suleiman: devshirme |
|
|
Why was Tamerlane feared in all parts of the world?
|
-ferocious
-burned Baghdad to the ground -left destruction and decaying corpses in northern India -butchered inhabitants of Delhi and made a pyramid of their skulls |
|
|
What was the significance of gaining Constantinople?
|
-Hagia Sophia
-new citizens of many religions and backgrounds |
|
|
List the accomplishments of the main rulers in the Ottoman Empire
|
Osman:
-new use of gunpowder and cannons -expansion of Anatolia -conquered the city of Bursa in northwest Turkey Mehmet II: -advancement of army -declaring Hagia Sophia a mosque -defeated Timur the Lame -defeated Venetians -invaded Hungary -overcame an army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans Selim the Grim: -defeated the Safavids of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran -captured Mecca, Medina, and Cairo -ended the Egyptian Mameluke Dynasty Suleiman the Lawgiver: -conquered Begrade -conquered Rhodes and the rest of the eastern Mediterranean -captured Tripoli -occupied the coastal cities of Africa and controlled trade routes -advanced into Hungary and Austria -started a new government and social organization -simplified the system of taxation and reduced the government bureaucracy -employed Sinan, one of the finest architects -art and literature flourished |
|
|
What caused the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
|
-killing of Suleiman's son by his own father
-Spain and Italy destroyed Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto -government became corrupted |
