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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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R. temporal lobe
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music
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L. temporal lobe
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speech
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Sound wave
(physical properties) |
mechanical energy
attributes: 1. freq 2. amp 3. complexity |
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frequency
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PITCH
# cycles wave completes in amnt of time - hertz = 1 cycle/sec ШШ high ... ЦЦ low ~ ~ |
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amplitude
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LOUDNESS
intensity of stim, height of wave - decibels Ш high-loud ... ш low-soft |
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pure tones
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sounds w/single freq
ex. tuning fork |
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complex tones
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mixing of wave freq
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fundamental freq
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rate waveform patten repeats
lowest freq |
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overtones
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higher-freq waves that vibrate @ whole # multiples of fundamental freq
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prosody
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melodical tone of spoken voice (music)
R. temporal lobe |
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timbre
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sound quality
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outer ear
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pinna (funnel)
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middle ear
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ossicles
(malleus, incus, stapes) (hammer, anvil, stirrup) cochlea basilar membrane hair cells |
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cochlea
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contain auditory receptor cells
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basilar membrane
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receptor surface in cochlea
filled w/lymphatic fluid waves → neural activity |
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hair cells
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sens. neuron, tipped by cilia
outer: connect bas. & tectorial inner: connect bas. |
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peak displacement on basilar membrane
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fast freq...peak @ base of memb
slow freq...peak @ apex of memb |
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waves to AP (auditory)
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1. vibrate mid ear (stapes)
2. hair move - bas & tect memb 3. open K+ chanels 4. depolarization...cause EPSP 5. if enough...AP in cran nerv #8 |
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Heschl's gyrus
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where primary auditory cortex is
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plantum temporale
(temporal plane) |
2ndary cortex behind Heschl's
- larger on L in R-handed ppl |
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Wernicke's area
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rear of L. temporal lobe
- language comprehension |
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lateralization
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funct. localized on 1 side of brain
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insula
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lateral fissure, cortical tissure related to lang
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tonotopic representation
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sound waves processed from low → high
in basilar memb |
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detecting location of sound
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1) arrival time
- medial part of olivary complex 2) loudness - ↑ freq don't bend round head (louder on 1 side) - laterl part of superior olive |
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detecting patterns in audition
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cortical auditory neurons
- distinguish vocalizations (temporal auditory cortex) |
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olfactory epithelium
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receptor surface
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olfactory epithelium pathway
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1. Receptor process ends in cilia
2. mucous layer dissolve chems 3. if affected by chemosignal...activate G protein 4. open Na channels...Δ memb pot |
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olfactory pathway
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1. receptor to olfactory bulb
2. to glomeruli (ball of dendrites) 3. synapse w/mitral cells 4. to forebrain |
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Whitten Effect
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W. cycle together
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vomernasal organ
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detect pheromones
receptor → olfact. bulb → amyg & hypo |
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flehmen
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response to novel cat/urine, raise lip to close air passage
(in bulls & cats) |
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taste receptors
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sweet
salty sour bitter umami |
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umami
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sensation of glutamate & protein
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microvilli
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receptor tips
open ion channel |
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solitary tract
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main gust. nerve
made up of: 7 - facial 9- glossopharyngeal 10- vagus |
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Taste receptor areas of tongue
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1. circumvallate papillae (near esophagus)
2. foliate papillae (sides of tongue) 3. fungiforrm papillae (tip of tongue) |
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transduction of salty
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1. influx Na to Na channel
2. release Ca 3. help NT travel to pre-syn terminal 4. exocytosis 5. NT to gustatory afferent axon |
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transduction of sour
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1. influx hydrogen to Na channel
2. release Ca 3. help NT travel to pre-syn terminal 4. exocytosis 5. NT to gustatory afferent axon |
