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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When are the lungs at their minimum volume?
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When the diaphragm is relaxed and bulging upward to its farthest extent (pressing against the base of the lungs) the lungs are at their minimum volume.
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What is pulmonary ventilation, and what is a respiratory cycle?
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Breathing. One complete inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration) is a respiratory cycle.
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When does a human embryo start to produce surfactant?
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at seven months of gestation.
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Respiratory membrane
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1 blood vessel made up of endothelial (epithelia but inside a vessel) cells, and a simple squamous epithelia, attached to the same basement membrane
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Where is the only place in the body where two types of epithelia share one basement membrane, and why is it significant that it's only one thickness of basement membrane??
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The respiratory membrane is the only place this occurs, and it's important because we need to swap oxygen and CO2, so the membrane must be pretty thin.
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Cystic fibrosis
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extra tissue, thickening of fibrous tissue. Causes gasping for breath. A serious condition.
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How many alveoli are there per lobe per lung?
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150 million per lung, per lobe.
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Squamous (Type I) Alveolar Cells
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cover about 95% of alveolar surface area. Their thinness allows for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and bloodstream.
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Great (Type II) Alveolar Cells - Surfactant
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These cuboidal cells cover 5% of alveolar surface and produce a lipid which prevents walls of alveoli from sticking together. Not necessary to fetus in womb (they are full of water at that point) but at about 7 months of gestation, type 2 cells produce surfactant. If premature baby, they have to put positive pressure in baby's lungs to get them to work right, just until surfactant produced.
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Hyaline Membrane Disease
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disease caused when lungs are without surfactant. Now there is a synthetic surfactant, so it's less of a problem
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Alveolar Macrophage (dust cells) of Lungs
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Phagocytes that crawl around the lumens of the alveoli and connective tissue between them. These cells keep the alveoli free of debris by phagocitizing dust particles that escape entrapment by mucus in the higher parts of the resp. tract. Legionairres disease infects these
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Emphysema
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Elastin replaced by collagen. New baby lungs like a new sponge (elastin). Old crusty lungs like an old crusty sponge (collagen). Anyone who lives long enough usually develops some form of this. It is the same process as wrinkles on the face. A local or generalized condition of the lung marked by distension, progressive loss of elasticity, and eventual rupture of the alveoli and accompanied by labored breathing, a husky cough, and frequently by impairment of heart action
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Cellular Respiration
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1 - Cellular respiration. Cells give off CO2 and take up oxygen. Metabolism (Krebs Cycle), Aerobic Metabolism.
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Internal Respiration
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Absorption of O2 by the blood and release of CO2 from the blood
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External Respiration
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Take air into our lungs, take oxygen out of air, put CO2 into the air.
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What are the three levels of respiration?
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Cellular respiration, internal respiration, external respiration.
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Boyles Law
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Pressure is inversely (indirectly) related to volume. The higher the pressure, the lower the volume. Increase pressure, decrease volume. Lower pressure, increase volume. The lower the pressure the higher the volume. P=1/V
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How does Boyles Law / Law of Volume relate to the lungs?
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If I breathe out (increase the pressure on lungs, pressing the air out of them), I decrease the volume.Breathing in is the opposite. (vacuum is created and the space gets bigger)
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What is 1 atmosphere and how does it relate to the pressure of diving?
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the weight of all the air above the earth (1 atmosphere) is equiv. to 30 feet of water. 60 feet of water is 2 atmospheres. 90 feet is 3 atmospheres.
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Where is standard pressure measured and what is the unit called?
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It is measured at sea level, and is equivalent to 1 atmosphere (atm).
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How much does the pressure of earth's air raise mercury? How is it during a hurricane?
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760 milimeters of mercury = 1 atmosphere, or 14.7 lbs per square inch. The air pressure drops lower during a hurricane.
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Dalton's Law / Law of Partial Pressures
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The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gasses. Air includes a little water, some carbon dioxide, nitrogen, some oxygen. Nitrogen (an inert gas) makes up almost 80% and oxygen almost 20%.
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Equations for Dalton's Law
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760 is the total Volume. N=78.6%, O2=20.8%, CO2=0.04%, H2O=0.05%. P = partial. Take the percentage of each individual part and multiply them by 760 and you get the weight of the individual part (partial pressure). Add them up and you get the weight of the whole thing. Pn2 = partial pressure due to nitrogen. PH2O = partial pressure due to water, etc.
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Charle's Law
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The volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (assuming a constant pressure). Body temp doesn't change that much.
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Henry's Law
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At the air-water interface, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air (assuming a constant temperature). Lots of water in human body, so how does that relationship work? Think of CO2 being forced into water/syrup and making soda. If you shake it up (increase pressure) it explodes. High pressure inside can to lower pressure spouting out of can. Breathing compressed air underwater, pressure forces air into tissues. Bends.
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Henry's Law
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The higher the partial pressure, the more gas forced into solution.
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What is the pressure that drives respiration?
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Atmospheric pressure, or the weight of the air above us.
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Intrapulmonary pressure
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the internal pressure of the lungs
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What should the P02 (partial pressure of oxygen) and PCO2 (partial pressure for CO2) be for venous and arterial blood? These numbers are important. If someone has high PC02 or low PO2 it can be very problematic (asthma, emphysema, etc.)
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The pressure due to oxygen in arterial blood should be 100. In venous it should be about 40. The pressure due to CO2 in aterial blood should be 40 and for venous it should be about 45.
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What kind of blood do arteries carry? Veins?
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Arteries (high pressure system) carry oxygen rich blood. They should be high in oxygen (100 PO2) and low in CO2 (40 PCO2). Veins (low pressure system) carry oxygen poor blood, they should be relatively low in oxygen (40 PO2) and somewhat low in CO2 (45 PCO2).
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What is the volume of air inhaled/exhaled during a typical "quiet breathing" respiratory cycle?
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500 ml (coffee cup worth)
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Does gas (O2/CO2) travel up or down a pressure gradient? What does this have to do with Dalton's law? Boyle's Law?
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They travel down pressure gradients. Downhill. So O2 outside the body (150) wants to get in and CO2 inside the body wants to get out (because it's much lower outside). No uphill pump ATP is necessary. Gasses automatically switch because of partial pressure, because of Dalton's law. Change the volume, change the pressure. It's that's simple.
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How are patients treated for the bends?
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Hyperbaric (high pressure) chamber, and bleed off the extra pressure (think of a soda can that had been shaken up.
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Nitrogen Narcosis
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Going very deep (way below recreational levels) in the water (6 atmospheres) causes the brain to experience a narcotic effect. Forcing gas into solution. This is messing around with Henry's Law. This is why cave divers wind up dead. They get lost and disoriented. The higher the partial pressure, the more gas in solution.
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Quiet Breathing / Tidal Volume
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tidal volume…breath like the tide….just the way one breathes at rest when not really thinking about breathing. VT = Tidal Volume (usually around 500 ml
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Forced respiration
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unusual deep or rapid breathing, as in a state of exercise or when blowing out a candle.
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Rate of Frequency
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how fast you are breathing (usual 12 to 18 breaths a minute for adult, 15-22 for child) F = Frequency.
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Respiratory Minute Volume
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How many times you are breathing per minute (F) x VT (500 ml) = F x VT = RMV called VE (V has a dot in it, e is subscript)
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Alveolar Ventilation (Volume)
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How much air is actually getting to the Alveoli? VA (a is subscript) VA = F x (VT - VD) VD is the dead space.
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What is more important in breathing, getting rid of CO2 or breathing O2?
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ridding the body of CO2 is the more important purpose of breathing. The very reason we breathe is to get rid of CO2, not to bring in oxygen. We can live without oxygen longer than we can live with building up CO2.
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Respiratory Volumes - Tidal Volume (TV)
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Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing. Usually about 500 mL
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Respiratory Volumes - Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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Amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort. (3,000 mL)
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Respiratory Volumes - Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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Amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort. Usually about 1,200 ml
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Respiratory Volumes - Residual Volume (RV)
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Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration. The amount that can never be voluntarily exhaled.
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Minimal Volume
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Respiratory Capacities - Vital Capacity (VC)
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Amoutn of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort. The deepest possible breath (VC = ERV + TV + IRV) (avg. 4,700 ml)
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Respiratory Capacities - Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
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Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (IC = TV + IRV) 3,500 ml
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Respiratory Capacities - Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
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Amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration (FRC = RV + ERV) 2,500 ml
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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Maximum amount of air that lungs can contain (TLC = RV + VC)
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With a PO2 of 80, what would you expect the blood saturation be?
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That's a high saturation. The curve stays high for a pretty long time then drops rapidly. It's 90 for 90 and 70, but at 50 it goes down to 80 or so, 40 it is down to 70, 30 down to 50, ec.
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Perfusionist / Cardiopulmonary Technologist
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trained health professional who operates heart/lung machine during cardiac surgery and other surgeries that require cardiopulmonary bypass. Can work with "chest cracking" team.
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What happens with a 10% increase in CO2?
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Breathing rate will double. A slight increase in Carbon Dioxide translates to a major increase in breathing. If you can't get rid of the CO2, you're breathing faster to try and get rid of it. Usually problem with bronchioles, or any of the little tubes blocking alveolus.
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Diffusion across respiratory membranes - reasons for efficiency (why our lungs work so well)
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1-diff. in partial pressure across respiratory membrane are great (allows oxygen to go into blood and carbon dioxide to go into the air), 2-distances gasses must diffuse across are small due to shared basement membrane 3-gases are soluble in lipid (O2 in/CO2 out) 4-total surface area in lungs is great (more than in whole body), 5-blood flow/breathing are coordinated.
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Spirometer
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a device which recaptures expired breatn and records variables like the rate/dept of breath, speed of expiration, rate of oxygen comsumption.
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speed of sneezing or coughing
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160 to 600 mph
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Bohr Effect
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Basically when CO2 goes up, Hemoglobin releases more oxygen. The hemoglobin molecule shape changes and it releases more Oxygen. Which is good because if you are trying to get rid of CO2, you can do it by displacing it with Oxygen. Increase in oxyhemoglobin dissociation in response to low pH is Bohr effect.
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Co2 Transport Percentages
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Most CO2 is not transported by hemoglobin. 3/4 of it is transported in water as carbonic acid. CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3. But 1/4 of it is in the form of carbaminohemoglobin (attached to amino group rather than to the iron). 1/4 attached to hemoglobin 3/4 attached (as carbonic acid) to water in the blood.
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Hering Breuer Reflexes
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You can't blow up your lungs. Inhalation reflex prevents overexpansion of lungs, deflation reflex stimulates inspiration and prevents lungs from collapsing. Receptors are in alveolar walls near capillaries.
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Alveolar Gas Exchange
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Back and forth traffic of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane. The reason O2 can diffuse in one direction and CO2 in the other is that each gas diffuses down its own pressure gradient.
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Acidosis (Hypercapnia) / Alcalosis (hypocapnia)
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A blood pH lower than 7.35 is acidosis. Usually caused by CO2 excess. Corrected by hyperventilation. A blood pH higher than 7.45 is alkalosis (too little CO2). Corrected by hypoventilation.
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