1.1.1 Pre-Midterm Histology - Epithelium

Front 1

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Back 1

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Front 2

Epithelial types and location - squamous

Back 2

lining surfaces utilizing simple passive diffusion -
Lines blood vessels (as endothelium) and the pleural, peritoneal and other serous cavities (as mesothelium)
Comprises the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule, the thin loop of Henle, etc.

Front 3

Epithelium types and location - cuboidal

Back 3

Found in secretive or absorptive tissue.
Lines distal tubules in the kidney, follicles in the thyroid gland, the surface of the ovary, etc.
Simple cuboidal lines the ducts of sweat glands.

Front 4

Epithelium types and location - columnar

Back 4

Lines the stomach, intestine and the excretory ducts of many glands

Front 5

Epithelium types and location - pseudostratified

Back 5

Ciliated epithelium found in airways of the nose and lungs, in the uterus and fallopian tubes where cilia propel the ovum.

Front 6

Describe the structures of epithelial cells and give examples of sites - simple

Back 6

One cell thick, every cell in contact with underlying basement membrane. Found where absorption and filtration occur.

Front 7

Describe the structures of epithelial cells and give examples of sites - stratified.

Back 7

Found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult.
Keratinized found in skin and the lining of the esophagus.
Transitional found in the bladder, ureter and urethra.

Front 8

Desribe the apical modification of epithelia -

Back 8

Microvilli - Extension of the membrane, Brush border, Absorption
Stereocilia - Long microvilli
Cilium (pl. cilia) - 9+2 microtubules, Movement
Kinocilium - 9+0 microtubules, Sensory
Flagellum - 9+2 microtubules, Movement

Front 9

Describe the basolateral modification of epithelia

Back 9

Basal folds - increase reabsorbtive area
Junctions - tight, intermediate and desmosomes.
Hemidesmosome - half a desmosome connecting to basement membrane.
Gap junctions - allow flow of ions

Front 10

Tight Junctions

Back 10

Zonula Occludens
Location: Apicolateral
Ligand: Occludins

Front 11

Desmosomes

Back 11

Macula Adherens
Location: Midlateral
Ligans: CAMs, Desmoplakins

Front 12

Intermediate Junctions

Back 12

Zonula Adherens
Location: Apicolateral
Ligand: Vinculin

Front 13

Hemidesmosomes

Back 13

Focal Adhesion
Location: Basolateral
Ligand: Integrin/Laminin

Front 14

Gap Junctions

Back 14

Zonula Communicans
Location: Lateral
Connexon made by 6 Connexins

Front 15

Describe the classes of glands.

Back 15

Simple gland: the duct does not branch
Compound gland: the duct branches
Shape of secretory unit defines whether the gland is classified as acinar or alveolar (sac or flasklike) or tubule (either straight, coiled or branched)

Front 16

Describe the types of glandular secretions

Back 16

May be classified as mucous, serous or mixed
Mucus is a viscous material produced by mucous glands that usually protects or lubricates
Serous secretions (from serous glands) are watery and often rich in enzymes

Front 17

Parotid Glands

Back 17

Front 18

Submandibular Glands

Back 18

Front 19

Sublingual Gland

Back 19

Front 20

Cilia and Chronic Sinusitis, Recurrent Ear Infections and Bronchiectasis

Back 20

Cilia damage or mutation is common from Chronic Sinusitis. A loss of ciliated cells and an increasing number of nonciliated columnar cells with microvilli, ciliary disorientation, metaplasia and extrusion of epithelial cells. Compound cilia and Short cilia were often seen in infected mucosa indicating ciliogenesis.

Front 21

Kartagener's Syndrome

Back 21

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), also known as immotile ciliary syndrome. A defect in the action of the cilia lining the respiratory tract (lower and upper, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear) and fallopian tube. Any impairment can result in poor mucociliary clearance, with subsequent upper and lower respiratory infection. Also responsible for situs inversus (inversion of organs) and sterility in males.

Front 22

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Back 22

Characterized by the presence of multiple cysts in both kidneys. The cysts are numerous and are fluid-filled resulting in massive enlargement of the kidneys. The disease can also damage the liver, pancreas, and in some rare cases, the heart and brain.

Front 23

Junctional complexes as target of pathonogenic agents.

Back 23

They are the target of pathogens seeking to gain entry into individual cells and tissues and that mutations in the genes that encode them lead to significant tissue and organ defects in metabolic diseases and cancers.

Front 24

Bullous Vesicular Lesions

Back 24

Bullous pemphigoid, also referred to as BP, is an acute or chronic autoimmune skin disease, involving the formation of blisters, more appropriately known as bullae, at the space between the skin layers epidermis and dermis. The bullae are formed by an immune reaction, initiated by the formation of IgG[1] autoantibodies targeting hemidesmosomes. It can also rarely involve the mucous membranes. Results in a separation along the dermal-epidermal junction and eventually stretch bullae.

Front 25

Epithelial Metaplasia

Back 25

When cells are faced with physiological or pathological stresses they respond by adapting in several ways, possibly changing into another, more protected type of epithelium.

Front 26

Epithelial Carcinoma

Back 26

Tumors can arise from epithelial tissue - carcinoma.
Benign: Chondroma, Lipoma
Malignant: Carcinoma, Sarcoma