1.1.1 Pre-Midterm Histology - Cartilage

Front 1

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Back 1

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Front 2

List the differences and similarities among the three types of cartilage - Hyaline Cartilage

Back 2

Cells
Chondroblastsare elliptical and flattened, with rounded nuclei containing one or two small nucleoli. Cytoplasm contains lipid droplets. Forms sulfated protein polysaccharides of matrix.
Chrondrocytesare ovoid or spherical and occupy small cavities, or lacunae. Large central nucleus, one or two nucleoli, and cytoplasm basophil, vacuolated with glycogen and pigment granules and cytoplasmicprocesses.
Group of cells in a lacunae called isogeneousgroup, or cell nest

Fibers
Acidophilic collagenous, rarely in definite bundles forming a fine feltworkof type II collagen, absent around territorial areas. Masked by dense matrix (same refractive index) and can be visualized with polarized microscope.

Matrix
Semisolid. Quantity great. Homogeneous and glassy in fresh preparations. Consists of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, keratin sulfate, and some hyaluronicacid. Territorial areas (cartilage capsules) basophil, and metachromatic with toluidineblue and show a strongly positive PAS reaction. Grows appositionally (exogenously) and interstitially (endogenously) except at articularsurfaces. Avascular, with nutrients and oxygen reaching cells via long-range diffusion. With age, basophilialessens and retrogressive calcification changes occur.

Front 3

List the differences and similarities among the three types of cartilage - Elastic

Back 3

Cells
Oval, few and scattered. Same
cell types as in hyaline but less accumulation of fat and
glycogen

Fibers
Elastic, elements vary in
thickness and amount;
predominate. In
general, larger and more
intensely packed in the
interior. Stain black
with Verhoeff’selastic
tissue stain.

Matrix
Semisolid. Quantity
large and resilient owing
to elastic fibers masking
collagenousfibers.
Grows appositionally
and interstitially.
Yellow color in the fresh
state. More opaque than
hyaline and less likely to
undergo retrogressive
changes.

Front 4

List the differences and similarities among the three types of cartilage - Fibrous

Back 4

Cells
Oval; few occurring singly;
found in pairs or small groups or in linear rows between the fiber bundles.

Fibers
Massive numbers of
collagenouselements
arranged in wavy
parallel bundles.

Matrix
Fluid. Small quantity.
Grows interstitially only
(lacks perichondrium).
Reinforced by additional
parallel bundles of
collagenousfibers.

Front 5

Relate the functions of the three cartilage types to their structure and location.

Back 5

Hyaline Cartilage - occurs in the temporary skeleton of the embryo, articular cartilage and the cartilage the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi) and costal cartilages. Standard as its the most common type.

Elastic Cartilage - occurs in the external ear, epiglottis and auditory tube. Flexible as its made for places that will bend.

Fibrous Cartilage - intervertebral discs, articular discs of the knee, mandible, sternoclavicular joints, and pubic symphysis. Dense as it's made for strength and support.

Front 6

List the steps in the histiogenesis and growth of cartilage

Back 6

Intestitial (growth from within) occurs only in young cartilage from cell divisions within the cartilage

Appositional (growth from without) occurs from chondrogenic cells in the perichondrium differentiating into chondroblasts, forming a new layer of cartilage around the periphery of the existing cartilage

Front 7

Relate the functions of the three cartilage types to their structure and location.

Back 7

Hyaline Cartilage - occurs in the temporary skeleton of the embryo, articular cartilage and the cartilage the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi) and costal cartilages. Standard as its the most common type.

Elastic Cartilage - occurs in the external ear, epiglottis and auditory tube. Flexible as its made for places that will bend.

Fibrous Cartilage - intervertebral discs, articular discs of the knee, mandible, sternoclavicular joints, and pubic symphysis. Dense as it's made for strength and support.

Front 8

Define osteoarthritis and relate the hitological changes in the structure of the cartilage with clinical presentation

Back 8

Also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone.

Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion.

As a person ages, the water content of the cartilage decreases as a result of a reduced proteoglycan content, thus causing the cartilage to be less resilient. Without the protective effects of the proteoglycans, the collagen fibers of the cartilage can become susceptible to degradation and thus exacerbate the degeneration.

Front 9

List the steps in the histiogenesis and growth of cartilage

Back 9

Intestitial (growth from within) occurs only in young cartilage from cell divisions within the cartilage

Appositional (growth from without) occurs from chondrogenic cells in the perichondrium differentiating into chondroblasts, forming a new layer of cartilage around the periphery of the existing cartilage

Front 10

Relate chondrocyte ultra structure to the synthesis and maintenance of extracellular matrix

Back 10

Chondrocytes manufacture the matrix through which nutrients and waste materials pass to and from the cells via diffusion.

They also display an extensive Golgi apparatus, have an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and contain lipid droplets and glycogen deposits to make more extracellular matrix.

Front 11

Define osteoarthritis and relate the hitological changes in the structure of the cartilage with clinical presentation

Back 11

Also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone.

Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion.

As a person ages, the water content of the cartilage decreases as a result of a reduced proteoglycan content, thus causing the cartilage to be less resilient. Without the protective effects of the proteoglycans, the collagen fibers of the cartilage can become susceptible to degradation and thus exacerbate the degeneration.