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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the physical characteristics of Ionic solids?
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Hard but brittle
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What are ionic solids made up of?
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Ionic solids are made up of positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic attractions
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Are ionic solids dissolvable in solvents?
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Only in polar solvents because it has both positive and negative ends on its molecules which attract the ions and pull them off the lattice
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Do Ionic solids have a high melting point or a low melting point (give reason)
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Ionic solids have a high melting point as the bonds holding the ions require a lot of energy to break
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Do Ionic solids conduct electricity?
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Not when they are solid because the ions cannot move out of position and there are no free electrons to carry the current. But when it is melted or dissolved in a polar solvent it will
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What are ionic solids formed up of?
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Metals and Non Metals (LiF, NaCl, NH4Cl)
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What are metallic solids made up of?
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Metallic solids are made up of positive nuclei in a sea of mobile electrons
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Is the melting point of metallic solids high or low?
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The melting point of metals is high but some select few are lower (mercury)
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What are the physical characteristics of metallic solids?
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Hard and strong but malleable since the atoms are held like balls in a bag and force can move it in different shapes
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Are metallic solids dissolvable?
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No they are not dissolvable in any solvent
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Do Metallic solid conduct electricity?
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Metallic solid conduct electricity because the electrons are free to move around and pass a current
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What are molecular solids made up of?
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Molecular solids are made up of atoms that are chemically bonded together.
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Is the melting point of molecular solids high or low?
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Low as the bonds between the molecules are weak and it doesn't take much energy to break the bonds
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Are molecular solids dissolvable?
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In non polar solvent but not in polar solvent
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Do molecular solids conduct electricity?
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No because there are no free ions or electrons to carry a current, even when they are dissolved.
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What are network solids made up of?
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Atoms that are covalently bonded to each other in a single big network.
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What are the physical characteristics of a network solid?
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Extreme hard
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Are network solids dissolvable?
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They are not dissolvable in any solvent
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Do network solids conduct electricity?
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No they do not as all the electrons are held tightly in covalent bonds
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Is the melting point for network solids high or low?
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Extremely high as the bonds holding the atoms together is very strong and takes a huge amount of energy to break
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What are the valency electrons?
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Electrons in the outermost shell of the atom
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What are Covalent bonds?
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Bonds when atoms share their valency electrons so that each one has a full shell
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What are ionic bonds?
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Bonds when atoms take or lose their valency electrons to gain a full outer shell
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What are noble gases?
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Electrons that have a full outer shell and are therefore stable and unreactive
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What relation is there between the electron configuration and the elements position in the periodic table?
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The electron arrangement determines where an element is as the number of electrons on the outer layer determines which group the element belongs in
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What is an Ion?
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A positively or negatively charged atom
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What are the functions of the human skeleton system?
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1 Supports our body
2 Helps movement by providing a framework for muscle attachment 3 Creates white bloodcells in the marrow of our long bones 4 Stores calcium that is important for muscle contraction and blood clotting 5 Helps us to breathe by the movement of the ribs 6 Helps us to hear by the movement of the three bones in the ear 7 Protects the vital organs |
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What are the two main parts of the human skeleton?
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Axial skeleton: skull,spine,ribcage
Appendicular skeleton: Arms, legs, pelvic and pectoral girdle (girdles attach the arms and legs to the spine)all these are hangers on to the axial skeleton |
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What is the scientific name for the knee cap
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Patella
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What is the scientific name for the breast bone?
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Sternum
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Fingers and toes?
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phalanges
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Tailbone?
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Coccyx
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Jaw
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Mandible
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Skull
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Cranium
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Collar bone
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Clavicle
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Upper Arm
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Humerus
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Arm joint?
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Scapula
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Thigh
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Femur
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Shins
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Tibia and Fibula
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Ankle bones
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Tarsals
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Knuckles
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Metacarpals
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Footbones
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Metatarsals
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lower arm
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radius and ulau
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spine
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vertebral column
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hip bones
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pelvis
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fused lower vertebrae
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sacrum
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wrist bones
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carpal
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jaw
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maxilla
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What are the five parts of the vertebrae?
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Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Caudal/coccyx |
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What are the functions of the cervical vertebrae?
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Cervical vertebrae:
strong to support the skull. the atlas and axial are the top two that allow for skull rotation. these cervical vertebrae move the head and neck |
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What are the functions of the Thoracic?
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So that ribs and muscles can jion
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what are the functions of the lumbar?
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largest and strongest of the vertebrae. they attach the big back muscles for bending and twisting the body
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what are the functions of the sacral
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five of these are fused to support the pelvic girdle, they take the weight of the body
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what are the functions of the caudal/coccyx?
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four are fused to form the coccyx- no special functions in humans the remains of a tail
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What is the formula for calculating the percentage difference in bone mass?
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(difference in mass) 100
difference=(mass before )X 1 |
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Why are calcium salts so important within bones?
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they are important because they give the bone its strength and hardness
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What is osteoporosis and what measures can be taken to solve this?
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Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones due to loss of calcium. Bones will break very easily. Bone density reduces naturally with age. The hormonal changes that occur during menopause increase the rate at which bone density is lost in women this means that osteoporosis is found most commonly amongst older women. A diet high in calcium rich foods such as dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis
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What is the function of Hard/compact bone?
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to provide strength and support
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what is the function of yellow marrow?
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to make white bloodcells and fat storage
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what is the function of red marrow?
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makes red blood cells
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What is the function of the periosterum?
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protection
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what is the function of spongy bone?
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provides blood to osteocytes and makes bones lighter
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What are the three types of joints and where are they located?
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Movable/synovial joints: elbow, knee, hip, fingers
Immovable/Fused joints: skull, teeth Slightly movable/Cartilage Joints: vertebrae, joint between tailbone and pelvis |
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What are three types of fractures?
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greenstick: where the bone only cracks, this is most common in younger kids as their bones are a lot more flexible
Open: This is when the bone penetrates the skin Compound: this is when there is a clean break within the skin |
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What are the three types of muscles and where are they found?
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Cardiac: muscles which have bridges between then and contract rhythmically (70 times per minute) they do not need nerves to stimulate them.
Smooth: These muscles contract slowly but not very powerfully and there are no stripes when looked through a microscope Striped: These muscles only contract when simulated by a nerve. Powerful but quickly get tired. |
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What are antagonistic pairs?
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it is when two opposing muscles pull in opposite directions. All voluntary muscle movements are controlled by antagonistic pairs of muscles
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What are three reasons that we need to eat food?
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Energy
Growth Repair |
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What are lipids?
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lipids are fats and oils. Lipids are made of one glycerol unit and three fatty acids and contain three times more energy per mass than carbohydrates
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What are saturated fats?
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these fats have a single bond between the carbon atoms in their fatty acids. This makes their melting point higher than unsaturated fats. Saturated fat is found in foods of animal origins mainly meat, dairy products and foods cooked in animal fats
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What are unsaturated fats?
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They are fats with double bonds between the carbon atoms in their fatty acids. Their melting point is lower than saturated fats making them liquid at room temperature. Mainly found in foods of plant origin
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What are proteins?
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proteins are large molecules that make up the building blocks of cells. They form cell structures. Enzymes are proteins. Proteins control all the chemical reactions of cells.
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What are proteins made of?
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Proteins are made of amino acids. There are about twenty different amino acids. Proteins can be very different from each other because of the combination of the number, type and sequence of amino acids in the protein
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What is the positive test for glucose?
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Benedict solution, glucose goes brick red with benedicts solution and heat.
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What are the four different types of teeth and what are their function?
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Incisors: Sharp for cutting and biting
Canines: Pointed for tearing and ripping Premolars/Molars: Flat and large surface area for grinding |
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What is the process used to move food down the body
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Peristalsis
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What are the three uses of the HCl in our stomach?
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Kills bacteria
Makes the protease work stops salivary amylase from working |
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What are the factors of an Enzyme?
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Made of proteins
chemicals do not eat are not living biological catalysts |
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What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
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Oxygen+glucose=energy+CO2+H2O
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what is the equation for anaerobic respiration
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Glucose=H2O+Lactic Acid
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Why is the tongue important?
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rolls food into bolus
assist in the beginning of peristalsis |
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What two products are excreted by the stomach?
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Mucus to stop the stomach from self digestion
Gastric juices, a mixture of HCl and enzymes to break down the food |
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What is the function of a Villi
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to absorb digested food into the bloodstream, capillaries absorb glucose and amino acids, lacteals absorb fat
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What features of a villi makes it suited for its job?
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Large surface area as the villi increase the surface area of the small intestine and this is further improved by the micro villi on the ends of the villi
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What are the two parts of the large intestine?
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Colon
rectum |
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What is the purpose of the colon?
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to absorb water and minerals from undigested food
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What is the purpose of the rectum?
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to store the faeces until the anal sphincter releases it out through the anus
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Why is fibre important?
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fibre is important as it maintains movement for peristalsis of the digestive tract. when a diet is low in fibre constipation can occur.
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What is meiosis?
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Gamete cell division
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what is mitosis?
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cell division for growth or repair
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What are the amino acid pair combination's available?
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AT (adenine) (thymine)
CG (cytosine) (guanine) TA GC |
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Explain the process of replication
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replication of dna is when part of the molecule unwinds and the complementary base pairs in that part seperate. the bases of each strand then acts as a template and a new complementary strand is formed against each of the original strands. the ends of the nucleotides join to form the sides of the ladder shape and the DNA twists into a double helix
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What is genetic mutation?
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A genetic mutation is when there is a different copy of DNA from the original, this can be caused randomly or from exposure to radiation
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what part of the cell holds the genetic code?
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Nucleus
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What are environmental factors?
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synthetic factors that occur without genetic lineage
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What are genetic factors?
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Factors that are coded into the organism's DNA and due to genetic lineage
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
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Pros:
faster more efficient breeding all offspring are exactly the same does not require a mate energy not wasted in creating gametes Cons: all offspring have the exact same genetic weaknesses No variation of offspring |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
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Pros:
genetic variation in offspring Cons: requires mate energy loss due to gamete production |
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What is genetic engineering?
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synthetic alterations of an organisms DNA to improve the efficiency of the organism
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Why is a mule unable to reproduce?
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It has 23 chromosomes and therefore is unable to split the chromosomes into two during the reproduction phase
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What is the formula for Hydrochloric acid?
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HCl
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What is the formula for sulfuric acid?
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H2SO4
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What is the formula for nitric acid?
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HNO3
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What is the formula for ethanol?
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CH3COOH
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What color does litmus turn in acid?
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red
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what color does litmus turn in a base?
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blue
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what is the pH range for acids?
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1-7
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what is the pH range for bases?
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8-14
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What happens when an acid and a base are added together?
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Neutralization
ACID+BASE=SALT+WATER |
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What is the pop test?
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when you place a burning splint into a test tube full of hydrogen gas it creates a pop noise. this is used to test for hydrogen
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What is the test for oxygen?
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placing a glowing splint into a test tube, the oxygen will reignite the splint
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What is the test for carbon dioxide?
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carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy
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What factors make aluminum useful?
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Light
Malleable highly unreactive due to oxide layer |
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What factors make iron useful?
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Cheap
malleable strong can be used to form steel |
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What factors make gold useful?
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Highly unreactive
lustre light malleable |
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What factors make lead useful?
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Strong
heavy waterproof |
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What factors make copper useful?
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high conductivity
malleable high heat conductivity |
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Why is aluminum more reactive than iron?
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Aluminum is covered by an oxide layer Al2O3 which protects it from reacting, however without this oxide layer aluminum is highly reactive, even reacting with the air
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What happens when a metal is added to oxygen?
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METAL+OXYGEN=METAL OXIDE
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How can you prevent rust in iron?
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Galvanizing
painting lubrication placing it with zinc for sacrificial protection |
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what happens when you add water to metal?
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METAL+WATER=METAL OXIDE+HYDROGEN
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what are metal carbonates?
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metal carbonates are compounds made up of a metal ion and a carbonate ion
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What are metal hydrogen carbonates?
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compounds made up of a metal ion and a hydrogen carbonate ion
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What factors increase rates of reaction?
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Surface area as there is more space for particles to collide into
heat as the heat energy is transferred into kinetic allowing the particles to collide much more frequently concentration as overcrowding of particles means that there will be more collisions |
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What is a catalyst?
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something which is not used in the reaction but increases the speed of the reaction and or the overall quantity of the product
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Why don't you put a metal into acid if it reacts with water?
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a metal that reacts with water is reacting with a very few hydrogen ions which are present in water. acids contain 10(to the power of 7) times more hydrogen ions than water
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what is galvanized iron?
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galvanized iron means that it is alloyed with zinc to provide a sacrificial protection to the iron to protect against corrosion and rust
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why is it not a good idea to make a solution of copper(II) sulfate in a steel bucket?
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because the copper sulfate will react wit hthe steel bucket and decrease its concentration of the ion solution
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What is electrolysis?
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electrolysis involves passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte. an electrolyte can either be a molten ionic compound or a solution containing ions. the mobile ions carry current between the electrodes. positive ions called cations move to the negative electrode called the cathode and negative ions called anions move the positive electron called thee anode. at each electrode oxidation reduction reactions take place.
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What are the properties of a solid?
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has a fixed volume and shape
particles have a regular arrangement particles unable to move, vibrate instead |
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what are the properties of a liquid?
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has a fixed volume but no fixed shape, takes the shape of the container
particles tightly packed but not as tight as a solid. particles free to move past each other |
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what are the properties of a gas?
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has no fixed volume or shape. fills the shape of the container.
particles move about in a random way large distance between the particles |
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What is a mixture?
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something made up of elements and elements, compounds and compounds, or elements and compounds
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What is a compound?
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Elements combined together during a chemical reaction
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What is the electron arrangement up to twenty?
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2,8,8,2
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What is the link between the electron configuration of an element and the element's position in the periodic table?
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the electron arrangement determines where an element is as the number of electrons on the outer layer determines which group the atom belongs to as it shows how reactive the atom is and what type of element it is
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What is ionic bonding?
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when two atoms transfer their valency electrons in order to have full outer shells (e.g an element with 1 valency electron will give it to another with 7 so that both ahve full shells)
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What is covalent bonding?
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when two atoms share valency electrons in order to have a full outer layer.
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What are the parts that make up bones?
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Hard bone
Spongy bone Periosteum Central cavity/Marrow |
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What is the function of the Hard bone?
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Forms the outer shell of the bone, covering the central cavity and marrow
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What is the function of spongy bone?
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to provide blood to the osteocytes as well as storage of fat and osteocytes
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What is the function of the periosteum?
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protection of the bone, forming the outer layer that is also embedded with nerves
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What is the function of the central cavity?
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to store the marrow which makes the bones lighter, allows for the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells
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Why do we need calcium for strong bones?
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Because bones are made up of a matrix of collagen which is a protein, this matrix is strengthened by calcium phosphate and without calcium it will weaken.
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What is cartilage and what is its purpose?
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A smooth layer used to lubricate the movement of joints, as there are nerve endings between them. It has no internal blood supply and therefore takes a longer time to heal
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What is ossification?
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Ossification is the transformation of cartilage into bone which takes place during our childhood and adolescence, until our bones reach adult size.
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What are the four types of bones?
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Long bones (have a shaft in the middle)
Flat bones (organ protection) Irregular bones (skull, wrist ankle etc) Sesamoid bones (found embedded in tendon) |
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What are the five purposes of the spine?
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Support of the upper body
protection of the spinal cord attachment points for the ribs and back muscles head movements trunk movements |
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What are the parts that make up bones?
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Hard bone
Spongy bone Periosteum Central cavity/Marrow |
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What is the function of the Hard bone?
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Forms the outer shell of the bone, covering the central cavity and marrow
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What is the function of spongy bone?
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to provide blood to the osteocytes as well as storage of fat and osteocytes
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What is the function of the periosteum?
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protection of the bone, forming the outer layer that is also embedded with nerves
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What is the function of the central cavity?
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to store the marrow which makes the bones lighter, allows for the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells
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Why do we need calcium for strong bones?
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Because bones are made up of a matrix of collagen which is a protein, this matrix is strengthened by calcium phosphate and without calcium it will weaken.
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What is cartilage and what is its purpose?
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A smooth layer used to lubricate the movement of joints, as there are nerve endings between them. It has no internal blood supply and therefore takes a longer time to heal
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What is ossification?
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Ossification is the transformation of cartilage into bone which takes place during our childhood and adolescence, until our bones reach adult size.
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What are the four types of bones?
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Long bones (have a shaft in the middle)
Flat bones (organ protection) Irregular bones (skull, wrist ankle etc) Sesamoid bones (found embedded in tendon) |
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What are the five purposes of the spine?
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Support of the upper body
protection of the spinal cord attachment points for the ribs and back muscles head movements trunk movements |
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What is arthritis?
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The inflammation of a joint, causing stiffening and reducing the movement in the joint.
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What are the two forms of arthritis
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Osteoarthritis which is the continued wear and tear of the cartilage and
Rhemuatoid arthritis which is when your immune system mistakenly attacks your synovial fluid, causing stiffness and painful movements |
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What is the RICED method?
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Rest
Ice Compression Elevation Diagnosis |
