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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is memory?
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Memory – actionable preservation of experience, including sensations, emotions, thoughts and beliefs, in such a manner that it can be retrieved and used at a later time
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What is episodic memory?
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Episodic Memory (Experiences) – Autobiographical Personal, Context specific memory of past events
(did you see a hippopotamus at the zoo last week?; did hippopotamus appear in the list of words I gave you earlier) |
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What is semantic memory?
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Semantic Memory (Knowledge) – Non-autobiographical Abstract, Non contextual memory of things
(What is a hippopotamus?; Read/Identify hippopotamus) |
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What type of memory does most cognitive action use and what type of memory is most researched?
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Most cognitive actions use both semantic and episodic memory
Most research studies look at episodic memory, but there has been research into semantic memory; implicit memory and encoding effect on semantic memory |
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What are some properties of human memory?
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Properties of Human Memories
Memory organised by experiences, significance of information Memory access-cue less well specific Slow parallel processing Only a part of the experience is stored; reconstructed upon retrieval Information is reinterpreted and distorted over time Generalisation and composite memories interference Source information may be lost |
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What is the biggest problem for malleable memory?
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Implications for malleable memory – legal testimonies (false memory generation during leading of witnesses) – misinformation effect
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What is short term memory?
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Short term memory (STM) is usually called working memory (also primary memory)
Working memory is a cognitive workspace with duration of several seconds or minutes (low capacity and highly sensitive to order of presentation) |
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What is long term memory?
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Long term memory (LTM) is information of a more permanent store and must be retrieved for use (also called secondary memory)
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What evidence and results does the serial position curve give?
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The serial position curve – looks at serial position of words in recall test and how well they were recalled (best results for beginning and end of list); gives evidence for distinction between short term memory and long term memory
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What are the two effects seen in the serial position curve?
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Primacy effect – reflects transfer if items to long term memory
Recency effect – found for later items that are still fresh in working memory Recency effect is eliminated is there is an interval between end of acquisition and recall, but primacy is not) |
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What is the modal model of memory?
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Modal Model of Memory – not accepted anymore, key reason is due to rehearsal ideas is wrong
Integrates finding into ‘modal model’ of memory several memory store Environment stimulus is identified by Sensory Memory, (can be forgotten) which with attention enters Short term memory; (can be forgotten) which can then be rehearsed to be retained in STM and eventually be encoded into LTM which can be retrieved later (wrong) |
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What are the three stores in the modal model?
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Sensory stores – handles initial sensory analysis; modality specific; high capacity but will decay if not moved to short-term store
Short-term store – holds in memory what is needed for current actions (work space); controls rehearsal, coding (chunking), decisions and retrieval strategies Long-term store – vast capacity, long term retention, supports short-term store (identify words, objects) |
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What are some Modal Model problems?
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Rehearsal isn’t what gets information into LTM;
There is a more complex interplay between STM and LTM, not a simple transfer of information |
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What did the modal model influence?
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Modal model did influence the Baddley and Hitch model of working memory and the idea that memory behaviour is due to properties of different stores or systems remain influential
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What are some Long term memory Tasks?
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Episodic, intentional retrieval (explicit)
Like Recall and Recogntiion |
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What are some form of recall tests?
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Recall – say or write the words from the study list
Free recall – Ps produce the words in any order Serial Recall – produce the words in the order in which they were studied Cued recall - a cue is provided for each word in the study list – makes recall easier |
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What are some form of recognition tests?
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Recognition – was the word mouse in the study list? Indicate Yes or No (short for episodic recognition); recognising the object
Single item recognition – Each memory item presented one at a time for old vs. new comparison (new items presented as well; and accuracy DV) Choice test – which word is old? Associative recognition – were two words studied as a pair or not? |
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What are some problems with accuracy as a DV?
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Accuracy as a DV:
Hits – correct recognition Misses – failed recognition False Alarms – failed rejection Correct Rejections – correct rejection High hit rate is meaningless is false alarm rate is also high Low false alarm rate makes it easier to interpret hits |
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What are explicit memory tests?
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Explicit – traditional memory tests (direct); deliberately and intentionally try to remember items that occurred in the study
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What are implicit memory tests?
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Implicit – semantic test, no mention of episodic content (name a briefly presented word (speeded word); complete the stem ki… ; or free association: what’s the first word to come to mind?
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What is priming and how might this influence some who fail one type of memory test?
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Priming effect: performance of tests is faster is the word primed was studied
Those who cannot give the word on an explicit test may show priming for it on an implicit test (showing that the word was encoded in the study phase) If explicit memory is lost, there may still be implicit (semantic) memory effects |
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What are the Key Findings on LTM
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Key findings on LTM
Forgetting Encoding – getting material into memory Retrieval – getting material out of memory Encoding-retrieval interactions |
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What was the first experiments in forgetting and decay?
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Forgetting and Decay
Ebbinghaus – studied series of nonsense words until he could recite them perfectly twice Ebbinghaus forgetting curve – like exponential decay; forgetting is systematic, nonlinear and lawful |
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What are the two possible explanantions for forgetting?
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Is the mechanism Decay or Interference
Decay – memories fade or connections between them fade if they are not used Forgetting – loss of knowledge over time; Decay – loss due to time (tautology – same things different words) Retrieval failure – sometimes forgotten things can be remembered later |
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Is the mechanism of forgetting Decay or Interference? [Jenkins and Dallenbach]
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Jenkins and Dallenbach – Obliviscence during sleep and waking
Controlled for Interference by sleeping (no interference whilst asleep) – sleep group can only forget due to decay Results: much more forgetting in awake then sleep condition; interference the largest source of forgetting Limitations – sleep could be used in consolidating information – reversing effects of decay Therefore decay may play a role in forgetting, but researchers agree that interference and other effects located at retrieval are more important |
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What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
Is the mechanism of forgetting Decay or Interference? [Jenkins and Dallenbach] pt2 |
Interference
Proactive Interference – old information blocks new information (recall of short lists gets worse as the number of prior lists increase) Retroactive Interference – new information blocks old (recall of words from earlier list poorer than recall of words from current list Baddeley and hitch studied rugby player – recall of game detail over time or over number of games Decay – loss of detail with time had a weak correlation Interference – loss of detail with number of games had a stronger correlation (supports retroactive interference) Forgetting has more to do with interference than decay |
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What are some issues with Inhibition of memories?
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Inhibition of memories
Traumatic event are often well remembered Difficult to establish facts from years ago Events may not be well understood at the time (childhood) Techniques designed to recover memories can create false memories (should avoid suggestions, since it’s difficult to establish source memory after time) Suggestions made during questioning may later be remembered as actual events because their source memory has been forgotten Misinformation effects – creation of false memories due to forgetting source memory of study phase |
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What are some evidence for the misinformation effect?
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Braun et al – Bugs bunny at Disneyland, 16% said them met him there.
Deese, Roeider, McDermott paradigm (DRM) – Studied list of words – bed, dream, wake, tired, blanket, yawn; 50% of the time participants recalled sleep False memory and misinformation effect show that memory retrieval is a reconstructive process |
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What is the Retrieval induced forgetting paradigm (Anderson) and what are their conclusions?
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Retrieval induced forgetting paradigm (Anderson) – study category pairs: fruit:___
practised with one and at test recall was poor for the unpractised one (poorer than categories not practised at all) – inhibition Further practise of paired words, inhibited not only words in same category, but in different categories; dominant practise pairs inhibits all competitors |
