1.1: Arguments, Premises, And Conclusions

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logic

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may be defined as the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.

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aim of logic

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to develop a system of methods and principles that we may use a criteria for evaluating the arguments of others and as guides in constructing arguments of our own.

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purpose of logic as the science that evaluates arguments

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is thus to develop methods and techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad.

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argument

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a group of statements, one or more of which(the premises_ are claimed to provided support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion).

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statement

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a sentence that is either true or false---in other words, typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence.

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truth value

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the truth or falsity of a statement.

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premises

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the statements that set forth the reasons or evidence.

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conclusion

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the statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply.

*the statement that is claimed to follow from the premises.

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conclusion indicator

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word, or words, that indicate a conclusion follows.

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premise indicator

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word, or words, that indicate a premise follows.

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inference

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the reasoning process expressed by an argument.

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proposition

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the meaning or information content of a statement.

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syllogistic logic

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a kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument.

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modal logic

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a kind of logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt.