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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of Respiratory System (8) |
Extensive area for gas exchange; move air in/out of body; protect respiratory surfaces (self-protection) Sounds (speaking/nonverbal) Olfactory sensations (smell); regulate body pH (acid/base); lungs synthesize vasoconstrictor antiotensen II; pressure differences in chest/abdomen flow of blood/lymph
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Is there more surface area in the lungs or on the outside of the body?
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There is more of this in the lungs.
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What do the self-protection mechanisms of the lungs protect against?
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Protect against diseases, dehydration, temperature changes.
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If you are breathing fast, what will happen to your pH?
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You would become acidodic.
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What is the vasoconstrictor (i.e. angiotensen II)?
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vaso = vessel, tensor = tense, angio = vessel. A hormone that tightens vessels.
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What is the physical landmark that divides the upper respiratory tract from the lower?
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The adam's apple (larynx/voicebox) and above is upper, and below that is lower.
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What is included in the Upper Respiratory System?
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Head/Neck, Nose, Nasal conchae, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx
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What is the purpose of the upper respiratory system?
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To warm, humidify, and filter the air and protect the delicate lower respitatory tract.
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What is included in the lower respiratory system?
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Thorax (Trachea/windpipe) alveoli, bronchi
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Does strep throat affect the upper or lower respiratory tract?
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upper
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Does bronchitis affect the upper or lower respiratory tract?
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lower
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Does laryngitis affect the upper or lower respiratory tract?
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upper
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Physiological division of the respiratory tract
Conducting Portion |
Serves respiratory portion, air doesn't actually get 'inside' body here, dead space. All else. Nose, windpipe, bronchi
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Physiological division of the respiratory tract
Respiratory Portion |
Alveoli (grapelike seeds inside lung) and respiratory bronchioles . THAT'S IT. This is the only part important for gas exchange.
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What is the boundary of between the brain and the nasal cavity?
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Cribriform Plate. Keeps the bacteria in the nasal cavity, keeps it out of the brain.
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Respiratory mucosa
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Mucous membrane. Air picks up moisture and heat from the mucosa, a ciliated pseudostratified membrane that lines the nasal cavity and extends into the lungs. Mucous escalator. Goblet cells secrete mucus and ciliated cells drive it toward posterior nares into the pharynx to be swallowed and digested.
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Conducting division
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passages of respiratory system that serve only for airflow, essentially from the nostrils through the bronchioles.
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Respiratory Division
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Consists of the alveoli and other distal gas-exchange regions.
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Nares
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Nostrils. There are anterior nares (external) and posterior nares (internal, also called choanae)
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Nasal Conchae - superior, middle, inferior
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turbinates that spin the air, moisten, warm, and clean it. Dust sticks to the mucus. Air picks up moisture and heat from the mucosa.
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What is the boundary between the nasal cavity and the brain?
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The cribriform plate which keeps the brain sterile and away from the bacteria in the nasal cavity.
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Rule of 100s
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Air going into the lungs has to be 100% clean, 100 degrees F, and 100% humidity to be properly breathable.
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Hard palate
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separation between nasal and oral cavity, provides mechanical advantage, done so the tongue can make a ball of food.
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Soft Palate
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Sensory purposes, lets the body know food is on its way down.
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Pharynx
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muscular funnel extending about 13 cm from choanae (anterior nares) to larynx (voicebox) It has 3 regions, nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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Larynx
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voicebox. A cartilaginous chamber about 4 cm long. Keeps food and drink out of airway. Involved in sound prodution (phonation)
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Epiglottis
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superior opening of larynx is guarded by this flap of tissue.
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Extrinsic muscles of larynx
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muscles that hold larynx in place, and move it out of the way during swallowing
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Trachea
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Windpipe. Splits into primary bronchi (outside lungs). It's anterior to the digestive tube (esophagus). It is pretty solid, you can feel lumps. It moves forward when swallowing.
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Maxillary Sinus
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huge sinus in cheeks. Bacterial abcess (infection) of molar may be mistaken for sinus infection and vice versa, because of close proximity.
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Cartilage in nose - lateral and alar cartilages
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lateral cartilages on the sides of nose, descending down from nasal bone. Alar cartilages are like wings, greater and lesser, at the bulb and distal lateral aspect of nose.
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Dorsum nasi
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nasal bones (the ones that hold up your glasses!)
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5 Tonsils
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1 adenoidal (pharangeal) in the nose; 2 palatine (a pair) in the throat; 2 Lingual (a pair) on the tongue.
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What is a tonsilectomy
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removal of 3 tonsils….the 1 adenoidal in nose and the 2 palatine in the throat.
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Divison of the throat - 3 parts - Nasopharynx
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Nasopharynx is the top of the throat.
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Division of the throat - 3 parts - Oropharynx
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Oropharynx, shared with digestive. The mid or mouth section of the pharynx
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Divison of the throat - 3 parts - Laryngiopharynx
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Laryngiopharynx, shared with digestive. The bottom or lower section, voicebox.
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Glottis
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beginning of the respiratory system, top of the windpipe. Covered with flaplike valve, epiglottis
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Epiglotitis
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inflamed epiglottis. Can cause death in infants. HIB vaccine prevents meningitis and epiglottitis. Caused by bacteria Heamophilins Influenza type B.
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The framework of the larynx consists of 9 (3 lg, 3 pairs of small) cartilages. What are they?
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Epiglottic (most superior), Thyroid (shieldlike, it's anterior peak makes up adams apple), Cricoid (ring connects larynx to trachea-batmanlike on posterior side); 2 arytenoid (attached to vocal fold), 2 corniculate (both pairs for speech) and 2 cuneiform (supports soft tissues.
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Intrinsic muscles of larynx
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deep muscles intrinsic to operation of vocal cords Think of the poles that make up the actual structure of the tent.
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Extrinsic muscles of larynx
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Connect larynx to hyoid bone, elevate larynx during swallowing. Think of a rope that ties the tent to a tree. Called the infrahyoid group.
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Vestibular Folds / False Vocal Cords
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false vocal cords, play no role in speech but close glottis during swallowing. Supported by vestibular ligaments Corniculate and thyroid connected to these. They protect the true vocal cords.
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Vocal cords / vocal folds
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Produce sound when air passed between them, protected by false vocal cords. Important to speech. Attached to arytenoid and thyroid cartilages, stringed instrument-like, length, tension, diameter affect pitch. Longer/thicker in male, vibrate more slowly, deeper voice. shorter/thinner in female, vibrate more quickly, higher pitch.
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Glottis
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The vocal cords and the opening between them
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Speech consists of phonation, articulation, and amplification. What does this mean?
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Phonation, making sounds, articulation, shaping sounds, and amplification (controlling volume level) play a part in speech.
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echolalia
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the way babies echo sounds they hear, they can mimic the sound before they know what it means.
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Intubation / tracheostomy
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Putting a tube into airway so a machine can breathe for a patient. Bypassing the nasal cavity has its dangers, however, in increased infection due to not being humidified/cleaned by turbinates/mucus in nose.
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Hyoid
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U shaped bone that holds tongue/voicebox in place.
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Trachea
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long tube, snorkel-like (the snorkel was actually modeled on it) C-shaped rings of Tracheal (hyaline) cartilage are seen around the anterior view. It has smooth, involuntary muscle which limits smoke inhalation and prevents damage to the lungs. It also allows esophagus to stretch forward when swallowing.
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How many C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage can be found in a trachea? Where does the open part of the C face?
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16-20. The open part of the C faces posteriorly, so they might look/feel like full rings from the front, but they are not.
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Primary Bronchi / extrapulmonary
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The trachea forks into right and left branches of primary bronchi. This is outside the lungs.
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Secondary (Lobar) Bronchus / intrapulmonary
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upon entering the hilium (slit in mediastinal surface of lung) the primary bronchus branches into one secondary (lobar) bronchus for each pulmonary lobe. There are 2 in the Left Lung and 3 in the Right Lung. Divided by oblique fisures and a horizontal fissure in the right lung. The left only has 2 because of the space the heart needs to take up in that area! This is inside the lung.
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Where are aspirated foreign objects most likely to lodge?
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In the wider, right primary bronchus
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What are the primary bronchi supported by?
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c-shaped hyaline cartilages.
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Tertiary (segmental) Bronchi
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10 in right lung, 8 in left
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Pulmonary fissures
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separators or dividers that divide the lungs into lobes (2 on left to make room for heart, 3 on right) each lung has an oblique fissure, but the right lung also has a horizontal one.
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What happens to the cartilage at the secondary bronchus? Do bronchioles have cartilage?
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It turns into plates. No cartilage in bronchioles.
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Bronchioles
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continuations of the airway that lack supportive cartilage and are 1mm or less I diameter. The portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole is a pulmonary lobule. Bronchioles have ciliated cuboidal epithelium and well developed layer of smooth muscle in their walls. Each bronchiole divies into 50-80 terminal brnochioles.
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What is bronchiolitis and is it worse than bronchitis or not?
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Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, which swell shut and clamp off alveoli, making it worse than bronchitis (which is simply imflammation of the bronchi)
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Pleura (Visceral and Parietal)
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The "double baggie" membrane around the lungs. Visceral touches the organ (lungs) parietal is around the outside.
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Interlobular Sepa or Septum
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Where visceral pleura divides the lungs into lobules.
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Can a lobe of the lung be removed and the patient still live?
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Yes, a lobe of a lung can be removed, and the patient still can be alive.
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Hilium or Hilus
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Opening to a dense solid organ, area in lung where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi come in. "Meeting Place"
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Are lung width and depth similar?
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Yes, in 3D, the depth of the lung is slightly greater, but they are not flat, they are pretty deep so width and depth are similar.
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What is the difference in the way arteries and veins are represented with color in the lungs?
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Normally arteries are red, and veins are blue. But it's backwards in lungs. Blue signifies CO2, so it is swapped in alveolus for O2 and breathed out…so in lungs Arteries are blue. Veins are red, Oxygen out of air into blood.
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pulmonary surfactant
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secreted by the great alveolar cells, a mixture of phospholipids and protein that coats the aoveoli and smallest bronchioles and prevents them from collapsing when one exhales. Without this surfactant, the walls of a deflating alveolus would cling together like sheets of wet paper and wouldn't easily reinflate on the next inhalation.
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respiratory membranes
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barrier between the alveolar air and the blood consists only of the squamous alveolar cell, the squamous endothelial cell of the capillary, and their shared basement membrane.
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Minimum volume
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The least amount of air the lungs can hold
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