11 10 Early Tang

Front 1

五經正義
"Correct Significance of the Five Classics"

Back 1

Compiled by 孔穎達(574-648), scholarship on the Classics, completed under 太宗's reign (first half of 7th century)
- brought together Northern & Southern scholarship
- became exam material in 高宗's reign

Front 2

孔穎達
Kong Yingda

Back 2

late 500s - mid 600s (574-648)
- Northern scholar on the Classics; compiler of 五经正义
- Served Sui (as boshi) then Tang, brought together Wei & Jin's different schools of Classics studies, esp. that of Zheng Xuan and Wang Su

Front 3

陸德明

Back 3

mid 500s - 600s (ca. 550-630)
- Southern scholar, author of 經典釋文
- Served Chen, Sui, and Tang (as taixue boshi)

Front 4

經典釋文

Back 4

- Written by 陸德明, a definitive work of glossary on the pronunciation and meaning of words in the Classics
- Important, along with the Qieyun, in reconstructing Middle Chinese

Front 5

文館詞林
wenguan cilin

Back 5

Presented in 657 to 高宗
- Compiled by 许敬宗 Xu Jingzong (Empress Wu's kiss-up); collection of 1000 juan, of Northern and Southern manuscripts (both prose & poetry)
- Lost in China, surfaced in Japan

Front 6

魏徵
Wei Zheng

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late 6th - mid 7th cent. (580-643)
- Most famous prose writer and minister of Taizong’s court
- Known for his direct remonstrances to Taizong, as the fearless minister
- Wrote preface to Sui shu, also part of Liang shu and Chen shu

Front 7

貞觀政要
[no asterisk]

Back 7

Compiled by historian 吳兢 (670-749) during 開元 (713-741), presented to 玄宗
- Collection of dialogues between 太宗 and his ministers during 貞觀 (627-649), including Wei Zheng, Kong Yingda, etc.
- Taken as model of governance, celebrated Taizong as a hero and the "direct remonstrances" of his fearless ministers: but also a kind of political theater

Front 8

醉鄉記
[no asterisk]

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- author: 王積
- most distinctive surviving prose from Taizong's reign, also probably the only surviving standard anthology piece
- content: analyzes why Ruan Ji and Tao Qian were inebriated all the time.
- Wang Ji also wrote: 無心子傳,五斗先生傳, 遊北山賦 - all very much a la style of Tao

Front 9

初唐四傑
Chu Tang si jie

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- mid 7th cent, during Gaozong's reign, "Four Talents:" 王勃 Wang Bo, 駱賓王 Luo Binwang, 楊炯 Yang Jiong,盧照鄰 Lu Zhaolin
- first writers in many centuries who did not belong to a court literary world (except Yang Jiong)
- created realm of 'literary achievement' for the politically unsuccessful

Front 10

王勃
Wang Bo

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(647-675) one of the 初唐四傑
- grand nephew from Wang Ji of the Taiyuan Wang "great clan," but in the style of Southern Dynasties
- died young (27), exiled in Sichuan
- rhetorical master; e.g. outdid all previous So. Dynasties Cailian fu
- wrote Tengwang ge xu

Front 11

滕王閣序
Tengwang ge xu

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Wang Bo's one anthology piece
- immensely appealing conjunction of the nostalgic meditation on the past and polished parallel prose

Front 12

盧照鄰
Lu Zhaolin

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(637-689), has some finest writing of the 初唐四傑
- wrote 病梨樹賦 (a la Yu Xin's 枯樹賦), 窮魚賦, 五悲 and 釋疾文
- most notable for his quasi-Sao poems, written in either psychological or physical torment
- was in prison once, allegedly committed suicide

Front 13

駱賓王
Luo Binwang

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(630?-684?), the only Southerner among the 初唐四傑
- served in armies, participated in the rebellion of 徐敬業 against the rule of Empress Wu
- 蕩子從軍賦: conventions of frontier poetry, mixing 7-syllable lines w/ fu

Front 14

楊炯
Yang Jiong

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(650-695?), least interesting of the 初唐四傑
- had personal encomium 自贊 and an elaborate fu on the armillary sphere 渾天賦
- the only one among the 4 who died a natural death

Front 15

玄奘
Xuanzang

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(602-664) famous Buddhist monk; biography called Ci’en zhuan 慈恩傳 published in 688; himself wrote Da Tang xiyu ji 大唐西域記 (contemporary geography)

Front 16

慈恩傳
Ci'en Zhuan

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full name: 大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳
- a 10-juan hagiography of 玄奘 Xuanzang, done first by disciples 慧立 (in 664) then 彥悰 (in 688)
- has richness of detail never found in elite literature

Front 17

大唐西域記
Da Tang Xiyuji

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- 12 juan, written by 玄奘 Xuanzang (602-664), detailing his trip to India
- most important works of contemporary geography

Front 18

李善
Li Shan

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d. 689
- presented commentary to 文选 to 高宗 in 658
- exemplified early Tang idea of 文: cosmic origin/nature of 文
- shared general belief that the sagely making of 文 began as simple and became increasingly ornate

Front 19

陳子昂
Chen Zi'ang

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(658?-699?)
- From Sichuan, founding figure/early restorer of antiquity in re poetry(in his 修竹篇序 urged to imitate Han & Wei)
- "direct remonstrances," support of Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty

Front 20

韓愈
Han Yu

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(768-824)
- restored an imagined antiquity using "old style" prose
- in his 答李翊書 famously argued for internalizing antiquity through continual study until it comes force naturally

Front 21

送孟東野序
[no asterisk]

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- written by 韓愈
- extreme involuntarist position of the nature of poetry: poetry = natural outcome of inner turbulence

Front 22

柳宗元
Liu Zongyuang

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(773-819)
- claimed that literature is “to make the Way manifest,” ming Dao 明道

Front 23

杜牧
Du Mu

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(803-852)
Poet, revived Fan Ye's military model of hierarchy in literature: disjunction between idea and expression (意為主，氣為輔)

Front 24

明道
[no asterisk]

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"literature is to make the way manifest" - Liu Zongyuan

Front 25

文以載道
[not asterisked]

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"Literature is to carry the Way" - Northern Song notion that literature is insubordinate to idea

Front 26

李商隱
Li Shangyin

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(813-858)
- the generation after Han Yu, claimed Way can be found within oneself, not just antiquity

Front 27

武曌
Wu Zhao

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(624-705)
Wu Zetian, r. 690-705 (655 made queen)
- "literary ruler," commissioned many compilation projects. Reign saw heavy censorship
- big sponsor of Buddhism

Front 28

文苑英華
Wenyuan yinghua

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(compiled 982-986)
Song anthology compiled under Taizong, headed by 李昉
- picks up where Wenxuan left off (Liang - Five Dynasties)

Front 29

宋之問
Song Zhiwen

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(c. 656 - 712)
"Courtier"
- considered as the best poet by his contemporaries within court circle

Front 30

上官儀
Shangguan Yi

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(c.607 - 664)
Served Gaozong and Empress Wu, became 宰相.
- Killed by Empress Wu when she came to power; grandfather of Shangguan Wan'er

Front 31

道宣

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Expansion of the Propagation of the Light (Guang hongming ji 廣弘明集) (Daoxuan)- 7th century Buddhist anthology; preserves the preface to Ruan Xiaoxu’s Qi lu.

Front 32

廣弘明集
guang hongming ji

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Buddhist anthology compiled by 道宣, continues 弘明集
- incl. 3rd - 7th century writings

Front 33

法苑珠林

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compiled in 668 by monk 道世
Buddhist encyclopedia of stories, important source for pre-Tang Buddhist literature

Front 34

道世

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d. 683
Compiler of 法苑珠林, Buddhist encyclopedia of stories

Front 35

劉知幾
Liu Zhiji

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(661-721)
- Prominent scholar and historian in Empress Wu's court
- Author of 史通 (710)

Front 36

史通
Shitong

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Compiled in 710 by 劉知幾 Liu Zhiji (661-721)
- Large work on historiography modeled on Wenxin diaolong

Front 37

徐堅
Xu Jian

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(659-729)
- Compiler of 初學記

Front 38

初學記
Chuxue ji

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Compiled in 727 by 徐堅 Xu Jian
Pedagogical work commissioned by Xuanzong for educating young princes

Front 39

張鷟
Zhang Zhuo

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Prominent in Empress Wu's court (mid-late 7th cent.)
Author of 游仙窟 and 朝野僉載, anecdotal collection reconstituted from Taiping guangji
- Master of parallel prose, esp. known for his 判文

Front 40

判文

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Most famous collection: 龍筋鳳髓判
- Genre in early Tang: presents case put forth for judgment written in condense parallel prose
- representative: 張鷟 Zhang Zhuo

Front 41

吳中四士

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early 8th century
Four Scholars of Wu: 賀知章, 張旭, 張若虛, 包融.
- literati in Jiangnan who became known in the capital (which was heavily dominated by Northerners)

Front 42

上官婉兒

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(664-710)
Shangguan Yi's granddaughter
- Poet and secretary of Wu Zetian, concubine of Zhongzong
- Powerful court political figure, killed when Zhongzong was murdered
- built lots of estate & mansions when court returned to Chang'an