11 03 Literature Of The South: The 5Th Century

Front 1

Yin Zhongwen 殷仲文

Back 1

(d. 407)
-5th c. literary accounts credit him and Xie Hun 謝混 as initiating a move away from the “arcane” poetic style popular in the Eastern Jin
-has only one poem extant, in addition to a few fragments; and it is difficult to ascertain the extent of their innovation
-there was indeed real, profound change in the literary realm, but it took place on a much more extensive scale than the achievements of two poets

Front 2

Xie Hun 謝混

Back 2

(d. 412)
-5th century literary accounts credit him and Yin Zhongwen 殷仲文 as initiating a move away from the “arcane” poetic style popular in the Eastern Jin
-each of these two poets has only one poem extant, in addition to a few fragments; and it is difficult to ascertain the extent of their innovation
-was indeed real, profound change in the literary realm, but it took place on a much more extensive scale than the achievements of two poets

Front 3

Yan Yanzhi 顏延之

Back 3

-(384-456)
-wrote Instructions from the Courtyard (Ting gao 庭誥) (didactic work for his sons)-written to an old yuefu title of the Wei and Western Jin - court poetry elegant and dense with allusions, very influential

Front 4

Xie Lingyun 謝靈運

Back 4

-(385-433)
-great poet of the 5th century
-Wrote “Imitating the Poems of the Wei Crown Prince’s Gathering at Ye” (Ni Wei taizi Yezhong ji 擬魏太子鄴中集) (series of poems in the voices of Cao Pi, Cao Zhi, and 6 of the Seven Masters of Jian’an);
-1/5 of his extant poetic oeuvre is yuefu poems

Front 5

Bao Zhao 鮑照

Back 5

-(414?-466)
-third major Liu-Song poety after Yan Yanzhi and Xie Lingyun
-champion of yuefu poetry
-Master of “frontier poetry” (biansai shi 邊塞詩).
-Wrote “Fu on the Weed-covered City” (Wucheng fu 蕪城賦) and “Hard Traveling” (Xinglu nan 行路難);

Front 6

Xie Huilian 謝惠連

Back 6

-(407-433)
-cousin of Xie Lingyun
-wrote Ji guzhong wen (祭古冢文), an address to the nameless dead of an ancient tomb

Front 7

Liu Shuo 劉鑠

Back 7

-(431-453)
-Song prince
-wrote "Holding Back Tears and Hitting the Long Road"
-was a model text, but no longer extant
-wrote more than 30 imitation poems and praised by contemporaries as a modern Lu Ji
-sometimes would take a passage and make it into a separate person (was first to turn the last six-lines passage from "Meeting" into a six-line poem)

Front 8

He Chengtian 何承天

Back 8

-(370-447)
-learned scholar, historian, and scientist at the end of the Yixi era
-wrote a composition of 15 songs all to old yuefu titles
-work indicates the rising popularity of the five-syllable line

Front 9

Black Robe Lane 烏衣巷

Back 9

-Xie Hun and his cousins, including Xie Lingyun, would gather here at his residence, discussing literature
-would form a group called the "Black Robe Xies"
-were also devoted to making anthologies

Front 10

Yin Chun 殷淳

Back 10

-(379-438)
-compiled the "Collection of Women Writers", first anthology of its kind

Front 11

Tan Daoluan 檀道鸞

Back 11

-lived in early 5th century
-wrote "Sequel to Sun Sheng's Annals of the Jin"續晉陽秋 (~400), which relates the history of poetry from the Jian'an period, the Western Jin, all the way to the Yixi era (early 5th century), especially focused on the rise and fall of xuanyan shi
-views on poetry representative of views of the third/fourth centuries

Front 12

“Imitating the Poems of the Wei Crown Prince’s Gathering at Ye” (Ni Wei taizi Yezhong ji 擬魏太子鄴中集)

Back 12

-written by Xie Linyun, a poetic series in the five-syllable line
-consists of eight poems in the voices of Cao Pi, Cao Zhi, and six of the Seven Masters of the Jian'an period
-also wrote prefaces to each poem, attempting to capture each poet's essential characteristics in terms of content or style

Front 13

Jiang Yan 江淹

Back 13

-(444-505)
-wrote "Various Forms” (Za ti 雜體
-important contribution because he attempted an historical understanding of poetry marked by an awareness of regional differences and styles
- One of the first who edited his literary writings前集 (ca. 480) with自序 (practice common with histories and zi shu ), 后集

Front 14

Various Forms” (Za ti 雜體)

Back 14

-written by Jiang Yan, poet of the 5th century
-thirty poems in the five-syllable line
-imitate 29 specific poets from Han to the 5th century arranged in chronological order
-in the preface, Jiang Yan puts emphasis on period and regional differences, which marks an important moment in literary history - awareness of regional differences in styles/tastes also mirrors the comparisons made between North and South

Front 15

Fan Ye 范曄

Back 15

-(398-445)
-author of the History of the Lattern Han (Hou Hanshu)
-made distinction between wen (rhymed writings) and bi (unrhymed writings serving more practical purposes)

Front 16

“Fu on the Weed-covered City” (Wucheng fu 蕪城賦)

Back 16

-written by Bao Zhao
-most famous fu on the metropolis
-gives moving account of glorious past and desolate present of a ruined city, identified as Guangling in modern Yangzhou

Front 17

“Fu on the Russet and White Horse (Zhebaima fu 赭白馬賦)
[no longer asterisked]

Back 17

-by Yan Yanzhi
-public writing commissioned by emperor
-polished piece rich with horse lore, written in 441 in commemoration of a piebald horse that had been a favorite of the Liu-Song emperors

Front 18

Kong Zhigui 孔稚圭

Back 18

-(447-501)
-wrote "Proclamation on Behalf of North Mountain" Beishan yiwen 北山移文, parody of public prose

Front 19

“Proclamation on Behalf of North Mountain” (Beishan yiwen 北山移文*)

Back 19

-written by Kong Zhigui
-parody of public prose, famous mock-proclamation written in well-crafted parallel prose, speaking from the perspective of the mountain god to tease the author's friend, Zhou Yong, for renouncing reclusion in the mountain

Front 20

grave memoirs (muzhiming 墓誌銘)

Back 20

-grave memoirs
-preserved as literary texts - was new phenomenon in the fifth century
-buried inside the tomb
-prose account of the deceased and rhymed inscription in the four-syllable line

Front 21

Ji guzhong wen 祭古冢文)

Back 21

-Xie Huilian's sacrificial address to the nameless dead in an ancient tomb
-representative of a phenomenon where authors began to keep copies of grave memoirs and included them in literary collections

Front 22

“Fu on Snow” (Xue fu 雪賦)
[no longer with asterisk]

Back 22

-written by Xie Huilian
-set in pseudo-historical narrative framework, with Western Han Prince of Liang and his courtiers as characters
-gives layered discourse on snow by assuming multiple voices of the different courtiers
-representative of shorter, lyrical fu that were in vogue during the time

Front 23

“Fu on the Moon” (Yue fu 月賦)
[no longer with asterisk]

Back 23

-written by Xie Zhuang
-influenced by Xie Huilian's "Fu on Snow"
-represents shorter, more lyrical fu style of the 5th century period
[no longer with asterisk]

Front 24

“Fu on Dwelling in the Mountains” (Shanju fu 山居賦)
[no longer with asterisk]

Back 24

-written by Xie Lingyun in about 425, complete with annotations
-long fu that has survived more or less intact from the Liu-Song
-evokes Sima Xiangru's magnificent fu on the imperial partk
-Xie's discourse here was extravagant, constituted challenged to imperial authority
-clinging to aura of the Eastern Jin
-eventually executed for his brashness

Front 25

Instructions from the Courtyard (Ting gao 庭誥)

Back 25

-written by Yan Yanzhi
-a didactic work for his sons, contains comments on literature and anticipates the more famous work of his clansman, Yan Zhitui's Family Instructions of the Yan Clan

Front 26

Yan Zhitui 顏之推

Back 26

-sixth century writer
-wrote the famous "Family Instructions of the Yan Clan" Yanshi jiaxun 顏氏家訓
觀我生賦* his life in chaotic age, interspersed with his own annotations explaining references and historical events – with audience who’s not familiar with South in mind; 冤魂志* collection of tales illustrate retribution;

Front 27

Family Instructions of the Yan Clan (Yanshi jiaxun 顏氏家訓)

Back 27

-written by Yan Zhitui in the sixth century
-compendium of his own philosophy and life-advice to his sons, advising them on which paths to take and which paths to avoid in order to gain success in life

Front 28

Tang Huixiu 湯惠休

Back 28

-5th century writer that gained popularity (part of the younger generation of 5th century writers, with Bao Zhao)
-one of the writers strongly influenced by Yan Yanzhi

Front 29

“frontier poetry” (biansai shi 邊塞詩)

Back 29

-subgenre of poetry, traced back to Bao Zhao's work
-involves often exaggerated description of the cold, harsh weather of the Northern frontier, displaced into the legendary Han past

Front 30

Zhang Rong 張融

Back 30

-contemporary of Jiang Yan in the 5th century
-first known writer who gave titles to his (Jiang Yan's) literary collections

Front 31

Liu Yiqing 劉義慶

Back 31

-5th century
-Prince of Linchuan
-produced several famous compilations either by himself or under his auspices
-compiled New Account of Tales of the World (Shishuo xinyu 世說新語)
- compiled Records of the Invisible and Visible Worlds (Youming lu 幽明錄)

Front 32

New Account of Tales of the World (Shishuo xinyu 世說新語)

Back 32

-collection of over 1000 anecdotes
-compiled by Liu Yiqing
-intended for reading pleasure of an elite circle
-historical period covered" from Western Han to early 5th century, with a focus on the Eastern Jin
-nostalgic construction, romanticizing bygone era
-divided into 36 categories that imply compiler's value judgment
-inspired later imitations

Front 33

Liu Xiaobiao 劉孝標

Back 33

-(462-521)
- also known as Liu Jun 劉峻
-produced an erudite annotation for the 世說新语 that is completely extant

Front 34

Records of the Invisible and Visible Worlds (Youming lu 幽明錄)

Back 34

-another compilation by Liu Yiqing
-collection of anomaly accounts

Front 35

Garden of Marvels (Yiyuan 異苑)
[no longer with asterisk]

Back 35

-collection of anomaly accounts, dates to 5th century
-compiled by Liu Jingshu 劉敬叔

Front 36

Liu Jingshu 劉敬叔
[no longer asterisked]

Back 36

-5th century
-compiled "Garden of Marvels" 異苑, a collection of anomaly accounts

Front 37

Qi Xie’s Records (Qi Xie ji 齊諧記)
[no longer asterisked]

Back 37

-collection of anomaly accounts by Dongyang Wuyi 東陽無疑, 5th century

Front 38

Accounts of Strange Things (Shuyi ji 述異記) (not marked with asterisk)

Back 38

-compiled by Zu Chongzhi, 5th century
-collection of anomaly accounts with Buddhist influences
(not marked with asterisk)

Front 39

Wang Yan 王琰
[no asterisk]

Back 39

-5th century
-produced Signs of the Invisible World (Mingxiang ji 冥祥記), collection of Buddhist miracle tales
-inspired by his relationship with a statue of Bodhisattva

Front 40

Signs of the Invisible World (Mingxiang ji 冥祥記) [no longer with asterisk]

Back 40

-collection of Buddhist miracle tales, produced by Wang Yan, 5th century
-inspired by his relationship with statue of Bodhisattva
[no longer with asterisk]

Front 41

“cut-off lines” (jueju 絕句)

Back 41

-the quatrain, a major poetic form since the Tang

Front 42

“linked verse” (lianju 聯句)

Back 42

-a social practice where two or more poets take turns composing a quatrain, each responding to and expanding previous poet's passage

Front 43

“broken lines” (duanju 斷句)

Back 43

-after the "linked-verse" social practice, if the quatrain receives on response, it becomes this duanju, or broken lines (means same thing as "cut-off lines, or jueju - see jueju flashcard)

Front 44

History of the Southern Qi (Nan Qi shu)

Back 44

-written by Xiao Zixian 蕭子顯 (489-537) in the early 6th century
-referred to "jueju" as a "short poem"

Front 45

Xiao Zixian 蕭子顯

Back 45

-6th century author of the "History of the Southern Qi"
-referred to jueju as "short poem"

Front 46

Xie Tiao 謝脁

Back 46

-(464-499)
-Qi poet who wrote great quatrains, used simple language to create complex nuances in a compact form
- One of the "Eight Friends"

Front 47

“Boliang-style linked verse” 柏梁體聯句

Back 47

-example of seven-syllable linked verse, originated reportedly in the second century BC when Emperor Han Wudi ordered courtiers to produce one rhyming seven-syllable line at a banquet held at Boliang Terrace
-probably produced, however, in reality, in third/fourth century, or later

Front 48

Xiao Ziliang 蕭子良

Back 48

-5th century Prince of Jingling 竟陵王
-central figure in Qi literature
-turned Jiankang into great cultural center
-commissioned various literary compilations, such as "An Epitome of Books of the Four Categories" 四部要略
-one of the first imperial princes to bring all well-known writers to his court to compile large works
-lover of literature and a devout Buddhist

Front 49

Prince of Jingling 竟陵王

Back 49

-Xiao Ziliang 蕭子良 (see entry for Xiao Ziliang)

Front 50

“Eight Friends of the Prince of Jingling” 竟陵八友"

Back 50

-the most famous members of the literary group brought together by Xiao Ziliang
-included Shen Yue, Xie Tiao, Fan Yun, Ren Fang, Xiao Yan, Wang Rong, Lu Chui, and Xiao Chen
-the leading writers of the Yongming generation (reign spanning from 483 to 493)

Front 51

Yongming style 永明體

Back 51

-poetic style, emphasis on tonal euphony, of the "Eight Friends of the Prince of Jingling"

Front 52

“poems on things” (yongwu shi 詠物詩*)

Back 52

-short and witting poems on objects, or things of nature, written by night literary gatherings hosted by Xiao Ziliang
-became an important poetic subgenre in later times, represented significant expansion of material for poetry

Front 53

“four tones” (sisheng 四聲)

Back 53

-involved in the creation of new tonal prosody by members of the "Eight Friends" of Xiao Ziliang
-bifurcation of four tones into "light" and "heavy," demand for alternating uses of light/heavy within line and couplet, and the prohibition of the “eight defects” (babing 八病) in euphony

Front 54

“eight defects” (babing 八病)

Back 54

-eight defects, prohibited in euphony, key characteristic in the new tonal prosody for poetry invented by members of the "Eight Friends" of Xiao Ziliang, became basis of "regulated poetry"

Front 55

“regulated poetry” (lüshi 律詩)

Back 55

-Tang poetic form, its prosody was fundamentally created by the Qi "Eight Friends" of Xiao Ziliang

Front 56

Lu Jue 陸厥

Back 56

-5th century
-critic of Shen Yue, protested Shen Yue's assertion that no one before had any conscious knowledge of the the tonal rules of poetry

Front 57

Wu Jun 吳均

Back 57

-(469-520)
-Southerner writer, befriended by Liu Yun, minor poet in the 5th-6th centuries
-Wu Jun was exposed to style of the Yongming group through Liu Yun, but his poetry was distinctive as he combined parallelism with directness of old yuefu ballads
-important work: "Sequel to Qi Xie's Records"

Front 58

“Letter to Chen Bozhi” 與陳伯之書 [no longer with asterisk]

Back 58

-most famous composition by Jiankang writer, Qiu Chi [no longer with asterisk]
-written in early 6th century on behalf of Liang prince to persuade an insurgent general to capitulate
-great prose piece by someone carrying the Yongming legacy

Front 59

He Xun 何遜

Back 59

-6th century poet (d.518), great-grandson of He Chengtian
-carried on the Yongming legacy, appreciated by Shen Yue
- aka 何水部