10Th Chem I

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ice age a long period of climatic cooling during which the continents are glaciated repeatedly

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ice age

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iceberg a large piece of ice that breaks off a glacier and drifts into the ocean

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iceberg

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ice wedging mechanical weathering caused by the freezing and thawing of water that seeps into cracks in rocks

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ice wedging

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icosahedron a polyhedron that has 20 triangular faces

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icosahedron

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ideal fluid a fluid that has no internal friction or viscosity and is incompressible

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ideal fluid

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ideal gasan imaginary gas whose particles are infinitely small and do not interact with each other

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ideal gas

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ideal gas constant the proportionality constant that appears in the equation of state for 1 mol of an ideal gas; R = 0.082 057 84 L • atm/mol • K

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ideal gas constant

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ideal gas law the law that states the mathematical relationship of pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), the gas constant (R), and the number of moles of a gas (n); PV = nRT

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ideal gas law

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igneous rock rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

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igneous rock

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ileum the middle portion of the small intestine where many nutrients are absorbed

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ileum

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illuminated describes visible objects that are not a light source

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illuminated

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immigration the movement of an individual or a group to a new community or region

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immigration

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immiscible describes two or more liquids that do not mix with each other

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immiscible

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immune response the reaction of the body against an antigen

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immune response

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immune system the cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body

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immune system

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immunity the ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease

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immunity

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impermeable describes something that does not allow water to pass through

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impermeable

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implantation the process by which the newly fertilized egg in the blastocyst stage embeds itself in the lining of the uterus

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implantation

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imprinting learning that occurs early and quickly in a young animal’s life and that cannot be changed once learned

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imprinting

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impulse the product of the force and the time over which the force acts on an object

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impulse

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impulse an electrical message that passes along a neuron

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impulse

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inactivated a vaccine that has been treated so that its component microorganisms no longer have the ability to cause disease

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inactivated

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inbreeding the crossing or mating of plants or animals with close relatives

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inbreeding

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incandescent light the light produced by hot objects

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incandescent light

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incisor any of the four cutting teeth located between the canines in the upper and lower jaws

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incisor

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inclined plane a simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface, which facilitates the raising of loads; a ramp

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inclined plane

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incomplete dominance a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully

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incomplete dominance

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incurrent siphon a tube through which water enters the body of a bivalve

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incurrent siphon

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the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

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independent assortment

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in an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated

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independent variable

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index contour on a map, a darker, heavier contour line that is usually every fifth line and that indicates a change in elevation

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index contour

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index fossil a fossil that is used to establish the age of a rock layer because the fossil is distinct, abundant, and widespread and the species that formed that fossil existed for only a short span of geologic time

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index fossil

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index of refraction the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given transparent medium

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index of refraction

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indicator a compound that can reversibly change color depending on conditions such as pH

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indicator

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indoleacetic acid a plant hormone that stimulates cell growth, especially in the plant tips that do not face the sun (abbreviation, IAA)

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indoleacetic acid

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inducer a substance that combines with and inactivates a repressor which allows the transcription of a gene

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inducer

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induction the generation of voltages, currents, electric fields, or magnetic fields by interactions between these quantities without direct contact

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induction

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inertia the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts on the object

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inertia

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a disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be transmitted from one individual to another

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infectious disease

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inference a conclusion that is based on facts but that is not the direct and absolute result of those facts

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inference

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inferior vena cava the large vein that carries blood from the lower part of the body to the heart

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inferior vena cava

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infertile unable to produce offspring

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infertile

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inflammatory response a protective response of tissues affected by disease or injury, characterized by redness, swelling, and pain

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inflammatory response

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infrasonic describes sounds whose frequencies are lower than 20 Hz

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infrasonic

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infrasound slow vibrations of frequencies lower than 20 Hz

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infrasound

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infrastructure the basic facilities of a country or region, such as roads, bridges, and sewers

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infrastructure

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ingestion the process of taking in food

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ingestion

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inhibitor a substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction

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inhibitor

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innate behavior an inherited behavior that does not depend on the environment or experience

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innate behavior

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inner core the solid, dense center of the Earth

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inner core

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inner ear the part of the ear where vibrations created by sound are changed into electrical signals for the brain to interpret

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inner ear

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inorganic describes something that is not made up of living organisms or the remains of living organisms

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inorganic

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insertion the point at which a muscle is attached to a bone

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insertion

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inspiration the process of taking air from the outside of the body into the lungs

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inspiration

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the velocity of an object at some instant or at a specific point in the object's path

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instantaneous velocity

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insulation a substance that reduces the transfer of electricity, heat, or sound

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insulation

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insulin a hormone that is produced by a group of specialized cells in the pancreas and that lowers blood glucose levels

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insulin

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integrated circuit a circuit whose components are formed on a single semiconductor

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integrated circuit

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integument the covering of a body part or organ; the coat of the ovule

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integument

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integumentary systemthe body system that includes the skin and the structures produced by the skin, such as hair and nails, and that forms a protective body covering

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integumentary system

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intensity in Earth science, the amount of damage caused by an earthquake

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intensity

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intensity in physical science, the rate at which energy flows through a given area of space

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intensity in physical science,

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intensive property a property that does not depend on the amount of matter present, such as pressure, temperature, or density

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intensive property

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interference the combination of two or more waves that results in a single wave

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interference

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interferon a protein that is produced by cells infected by a virus and that can protect uninfected cells from reproduction of the virus

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interferon

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interglacial perioda period of warmer climate that occurs during an ice age and that is characterized by the retreat of glaciers

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interglacial period

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intermediate a substance that forms in a middle stage of a chemical reaction and is considered a stepping stone between the parent substance and the final product

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intermediate

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intermediate host a host that gives food and shelter to immature stages of a parasite

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intermediate host

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intermolecular forces the forces of attraction between molecules

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intermolecular forces

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internal energy a property that includes the energies of the individual particles of the system but not the energies of the entire system

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internal energy

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internal fertilization-fertilization of an egg by sperm that occurs inside the body of a female

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internal fertilization

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internal plastic flow the process by which glaciers flow slowly as grains of ice deform under pressure and slide over each other

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internal plastic flow

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internal respiration the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body

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internal respiration

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internal stimulus a stimulus that comes from inside the body

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internal stimulus

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International Date Line a line running from north to south through the Pacific Ocean where the date changes from one day to the next

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International Date Line

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Internet a large computer network that connects many local and smaller networks all over the world

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Internet

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interneuron a neuron located between the afferent neuron and the final neuron in a neural chain

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interneuron

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internode the part of a plant stem between two consecutive nodes

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internode

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interphase a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins

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interphase

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interstellar matter the gas and dust located between the stars in a galaxy

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interstellar matter

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intertidal zone an area along ocean shorelines that lies between low and high water lines

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intertidal zone

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intestine the part of the digestive tract that goes from the opening of the stomach to the anus

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intestine

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intron a section of DNA that does not code for an amino acid and that is transcribed into RNA but is removed before it is translated

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intron

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rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth's surface

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intrusive igneous rock

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inverse proportion the relationship between two variables whose product is constant

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inverse proportion

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inversion a reversal in the order of the genes, or of a chromosome segment, within a chromosome

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inversion

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invertebrate an animal that does not have a backbone

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invertebrate

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involuntary muscle a muscle whose movement cannot be controlled voluntarily, such as the cardiac muscle

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involuntary muscle

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ion an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge

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ion

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ion channel a pore in a cell membrane through which ions can pass

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ion channel

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ionic bond the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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ionic bond

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ionic compound a compound composed of ions bound together by electrostatic attraction

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ionic compound

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ionic radius a measure of the effective range of an ion in a compound

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ionic radius

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ionization the process of adding or removing electrons from an atom or molecule, which gives the atom or molecule a net charge

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ionization

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Ionization the formation of ions from solute molecules by the action of a solvent

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Ionization

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ionization energy the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion (abbreviation, IE)

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ionization energy

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ionosphere a region of the atmosphere that is above about 80 km and in which the air is ionized by solar radiation

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ionosphere

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iris the colored, circular part of the eye

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iris

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iron meteorite a type of meteorite that is made of 90 percent iron and 10 percent nickel

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iron meteorite

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irregular galaxy a small galaxy that has no identifiable shape and that contains a great amount of dust and gas

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irregular galaxy

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island arc a chain of volcanic islands formed along continental masses

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island arc

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islets of Langerhans the masses of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

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islets of Langerhans

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isobar a line that is drawn on a weather map and that connects points of equal pressure

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isobar

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isograma line on a map that represents a constant or equal value of a given quantity

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isogram

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isolation a condition in which two populations cannot interbreed

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isolation

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isomer one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical composition but different structures

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isomer

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isopod a crustacean that has seven pairs of identical legs and no carapace; examples include sowbugs and pill bugs

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isopod

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isostasy a condition of gravitational and buoyant equilibrium between Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere

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isostasy

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isostatic adjustment the vertical movement of part of Earth's crust to reach equilibrium between its weight and its buoyancy

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isostatic adjustment

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isothermal process a thermodynamic process that takes place at constant temperature

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isothermal process

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isotonic solution a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

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isotonic solution

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isotope an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass)

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isotope

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isovolumetric process a thermodynamic process that takes place at constant volume so that no work is done on or by the system

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isovolumetric process