10Th Chem F

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the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

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F1 generation

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the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation

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F2 generation

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the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

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facilitated diffusion

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an organism that can live with or without oxygen

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facultative anaerobe

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flavin adenine dinucleotide, a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions

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FAD

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a tube through which eggs move from the ovary to the uterus

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fallopian tube

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the taxonomic category below the order and above the genus

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family

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widespread malnutrition and starvation in an area due to a shortage of food, usually caused by a catastrophic event

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famine

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a cluster of fibers, leaves, stems, or other plant parts

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fascicle

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a compound that is made up of glycerol and fatty acids and that is stored by plants and animals as a source of energy

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fat

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an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils

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fatty acid

Front 12

a break in a body of rock along which one block slides relative to another; a form of brittle strain

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fault

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a mountain that forms where faulting breaks Earth's crust into large blocks, which causes some blocks to drop down relative to other blocks

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fault-block mountain

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the surface of a fault along which rock masses move against each other

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fault plane

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a region of numerous, closely spaced faults

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fault plane

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waste materials that are expelled through the anus

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feces

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the return of information about a system or process that may effect a change in the system or process; the information that is returned

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feedback

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describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color

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felsic

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the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen

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fermentation

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an oxidation reaction that is catalyzed by enzymes in microorganisms in an environment lacking oxygen

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fermentation reaction

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a soil that can support the rapid growth of healthy plants

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fertile soil

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the number of births (usually per year) per 1,000 women of childbearing age (usually 15 to 44)

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fertility rate

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the union of a male and female gamete to form a zygote

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fertilization

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a compound that improves the quality of the soil to produce plants

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fertilizer

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a condition characterized by growth and developmental defects that affects some children born to women who drink alcohol during pregnancy (abbreviation, FAS)

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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the distance that wind blows across an area of the sea to generate waves

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a developing human from seven or eight weeks after fertilization until birth

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fetus

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an elevation of the body temperature above the normal temperature

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fever

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a protein that forms a network of fibers during blood clotting

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fibrin

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a system of adventitious roots of approximately equal diameter that arise from the base of the stem of a plant

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fibrous root system

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any region or space in which a physical force is operative and influential

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field

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in flowers, the part of a stamen that supports the anther

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filament

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algae that have a threadlike structure composed of rows of cells joined end to end

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filamentous algae

Front 34

a type of nematode worm that causes elephantiasis in humans

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filarial worm

Front 35

of radiation received in a given period of time by people who work with radiation

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film badge

Front 36

an aquatic animal that traps food by filtering organic material from the surrounding water

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filter feeder

Front 37

the process of separating dissolved substances, such as impurities in the blood by passing them through a porous material; occurs between the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule in the nephrons of a kidney

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filtration

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a membranous winglike structure that helps fish and other aquatic animals propel, balance, and guide their body

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fin

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a littoral inlet that has been formed by glacial ice and filled by the sea

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fiord

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a very bright meteor

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fireball

Front 41

a loose, permeable, granular material that is more than a year old and that is the transition between snow and glacier ice

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firs

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emergency medical care for someone who has been hurt or who is sick

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first aid

Front 43

the process by which a nucleus splits into two or more fragments and releases neutrons and energy

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fission

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a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism splits into two or more similar and complete parts

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fission

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a crack in a rock surface through which lava flows

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fissure

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a measurement of the ability of a species to respond to the pressures of natural selection; the ability of individuals to survive to propagate their genes

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fitness

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an innate behavior that is characteristic of certain species

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fixed action pattern behavior

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a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move

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in a flatworm, a cell that has flagella or cilia that move waste products through the body

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flame cell

Front 50

a primitive organism that is flat, has a soft body, and is symmetrical, such as a planarian, a fluke, or a tapeworm

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flatworm

Front 51

a muscle that bends a limb or other body part

Front 52

a large, stiff feather that is on the wing or tail of a bird and that allows the bird to fly

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flight feather

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an area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks

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floodplain

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the reproductive structure of a flowering plant that usually consists of a pistil, stamens, petals, and sepals

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flower

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a nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or liquid

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fluid

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a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda

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fluke

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the absorption of energy by atoms, molecules, and other particles, followed by the immediate emission of visible electromagnetic radiation as the particles move to lower energy states

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fluorescence

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visible light emitted by a phosphor particle when it absorbs energy such as ultraviolet light

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fluorescent light

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the route followed by migratory birds

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flyway

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the point on the axis of a mirror or lens at which all incident parallel light rays converge or diverge

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focal point

Front 61

the location within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs

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focus

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the fixed point or points in the plane that determine a conic section

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focus

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a warm, dry wind that flows down the slopes of a mountain range

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forehand

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water vapor that has condensed very near the surface of Earth because air close to the ground has cooled

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fog

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a form of ductile strain in which rock layers bend, usually as a result of compression

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fold

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a mountain that forms when rock layers are squeezed together and uplifted

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folded mountain

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the bending of rock layers due to stress

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folding

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describes the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands

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foliated

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the metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands

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foliation

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describes a lichen or alga that has a leaflike appearance

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foliose

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a small, narrow cavity or sac in an organ or tissue, such as the ones on the skin that contain hair roots or the ones in the ovaries that contain the developing eggs

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follicle

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a gonadotropin that stimulates sperm production in the male and the growth and maturation of the ovarian follicles in the female (abbreviation, FSH)

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follicle-stimulating hormone

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the stage in which an immature egg completes its first meiotic division

Front 74

the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms

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food chain

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a compartment that is surrounded by a membrane in the cytoplasm of a protozoan and that contains food particles

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food vacuole

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a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

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food web

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an appendage that some invertebrates use to move; the lower part of a vertebrate's leg

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foot

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the rock below a fault plane

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footwall

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an order of sarcodine protozoans that have shells and are found in oceans

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Foraminifera

Front 80

an action exerted on a body in order to change the body's state of rest or motion; force has magnitude and direction

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force

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the collection, identification, and interpretation of physical evidence; often used in criminal investigations

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forensic science

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a representation of the reactants and products of a chemical reaction by their symbols or formulas

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formula equation

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the sum of the average atomic masses of all atoms represented in the formula of any molecule, formula unit, or ion

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formula mass

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the collection of atoms corresponding to an ionic compounds formula such that the molar mass of the compound is the same as the mass of 1 mol of formula units

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formula mass

Front 85

the trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock

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fossil

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a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago; examples include oil, coal, and natural gas

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fossil fuel

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a historical sequence of life indicated by fossils found in layers of Earth’s crust

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fossil record

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the process of separating components of different boiling points from a liquid mixture by vaporizing the liquid and passing the vapor through a fractionating column

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fracture

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in geology, a break in a rock, which results from stress, with or without displacement, including cracks, joints, and faults; also the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces

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fracture

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an injury in which the tissue of a bone is broken

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a long and narrow topographic feature that runs perpendicular to a mid-ocean ridge

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fracture zone

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a system for specifying the precise location of objects in space and time

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frame of reference

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a mutation, such as the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a coding sequence, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame

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frameshift mutation

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the energy in a system that is available for work; a system's capacity to do useful work

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freezing nuclei

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the motion of a body when only the force of gravity is acting on the body

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free fall

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the change of state in which a liquid becomes a solid as heat is removed

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freezing

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any particle within a mass of super cooled water that will start growth of an ice crystal

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freezing nuclei

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the temperature at which a solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure; the temperature at which a liquid substance freezes

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freezing point

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the difference between the freezing points of a pure solvent and a solution, which is directly proportional to the amount of solute present

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freezing-point depression

Front 100

the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time; also the number of waves produced in a given amount of time

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water that contains insignificant amounts of salts, as in rivers and lakes

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a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact

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friction

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a reef that grows against coastal bedrock and constitutes the shoreline; usually found in tropical coasts

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fringing reef

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the leaf of a fern or palm

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the boundary between air masses of different densities and usually different temperatures

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front

Front 106

ice crystals that form when the dew point is below 0°C and water vapor directly enters the solid state

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frost

Front 107

a mature plant ovary; the plant organ in which the seeds are enclosed

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fruit

Front 108

a part of a plant or fungus that produces seeds or spores

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fruiting body

Front 109

describes a lichen that is shrub like

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fruticose

Front 110

a device that produces electricity chemically by combining hydrogen fuel with oxygen from the air

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fuel cell

Front 111

a molecule that is made of spherically networked carbon-atom cages

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fullerene

Front 112

the phase of the moon during which the entire half of the moon facing the Earth is illuminated by the sun

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full moon

Front 113

the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part

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function

Front 114

the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds

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functional group

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the lowest frequency of a complex wave

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fundamental frequency

Front 116

the largest ecological niche where an organism or species can live without competition

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fundamental niche

Front 117

a classification kingdom made up of non green, eukaryotic organisms that get food by breaking down organic matter and absorbing the nutrients, reproduce by means of spores, and have no means of movement

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Fungi

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a group of fungi whose sexual phase has not been discovered

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fungi imperfect

Front 119

an organism whose cells have nuclei, rigid cell walls, and no chlorophyll and that belongs to the kingdom Fungi

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fungus

Front 120

a protist that obtains its food from dead organic matter or from the body of another organism

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Fungus like protist

Front 121

an electrical device that contains a metal strip that melts when current in the circuit becomes too great

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fuse

Front 122

the process in which light nuclei combine at extremely high temperatures, forming heavier nuclei and releasing energy

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fusion