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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Activation of wat receptor may lead to opiod tolerace?
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…it is postulated that activation of NMDA receptors can lead to, phosphorylation of opiod receptors which ultimately leads to morphine tolerance and in animal studies it has been shown that NMDA antagonist like ketamine block the action of glutamate and effectively block morphine tolerance…
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coagonist for glutamate and required for lutamate to bind and NMDA?
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…glycine…
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what is kinesis?
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…micortubule associated motor protein whose function is anterograde transport of intracellular VESICLES VESICLES, toward the plus ends of microtubules…
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4 step pathway of meningococcemia?
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..pharynx to blood to choroid plexus to CSF…
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4 step pathway of H. Flu meningitis?
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…pharynx to LYMPHatics to meninges…
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valproate increases the risk of?
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..NTDs…
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describe ebsteins anomaly and what is it associated with?
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…ebsteins anomaly is associated with pregnenat mothers using lithium and manifests as an atrialized right ventricle because of downward displacement of the tricuspid valve?
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describe ebsteins anomaly and what is it associated with?
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…ebsteins anomaly is associated with pregnenat mothers using lithium and manifests as an atrialized right ventricle because of downward displacement of the tricuspid valve?
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…downward displacement of the tricuspid valve is caused by what and results in?
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…caused by lithium in utero and results in an atrialized right ventricle the is called ebsteins anomaly…
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how do opioids hyperpolarize postsynaptic neurons to decrease pain transmission?
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…K efflux…
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…K efflux…
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how do opioids hyperpolarize postsynaptic neurons to decrease pain transmission?
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how do opioids hyperpolarize postsynaptic neurons to decrease pain transmission?
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…K efflux…
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characteristic of mitochondria myopathies?
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…blotch red fibers on gomori trichome stain which abnormal mitochondria accumulate under the sarcolemma…
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characteristic of mitochondria myopathies?
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…blotch red fibers on gomori trichome stain which abnormal mitochondria accumulate under the sarcolemma…
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characteristic of mitochondria myopathies?
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…blotch red fibers on gomori trichome stain which abnormal mitochondria accumulate under the sarcolemma…
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name the most important ragged red fiber diseases (mitochondrial)?
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…Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers...
…leber optic neuropathy… …mitochondrial encephalopathy with strokes and lactic acidosis (melas)… |
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what is arginase?
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..an enzyme in the urea cycle…
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what does the enzyme of the urea cycle arginase do?
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…arginase operates outside the mitochondria to convert arginine into ornithine and urea…
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what does the enzyme of the urea cycle arginase do?
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…arginase operates outside the mitochondria to convert arginine into ornithine and urea…
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what does the enzyme of the urea cycle arginase do?
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…arginase operates outside the mitochondria to convert arginine into ornithine and urea…
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what does the enzyme of the urea cycle arginase do?
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…arginase operates outside the mitochondria to convert arginine into ornithine and urea…
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what does the enzyme of the urea cycle arginase do?
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…arginase operates outside the mitochondria to convert arginine into ornithine and urea…
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what makes ornithine and urea from arginate?
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…arginase operating outside the mitochondria…
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what makes ornithine and urea from arginate?
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…arginase operating outside the mitochondria…
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what makes ornithine and urea from arginate?
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…arginase operating outside the mitochondria…
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…arginase operating outside the mitochondria…
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what makes ornithine and urea from arginate?
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inside the mitochondira carbamoyl phosphate (derived from CO2, NH4 and 2ATP) is made inot what?
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…citrulline by combining with ornithine and the enzyme ornithine transcarboymalase…
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inside the mitochondira carbamoyl phosphate (derived from CO2, NH4 and 2ATP) is made inot what?
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…citrulline by combining with ornithine and the enzyme ornithine transcarboymalase…
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inside the mitochondira carbamoyl phosphate (derived from CO2, NH4 and 2ATP) is made inot what?
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…citrulline by combining with ornithine and the enzyme ornithine transcarboymalase…
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inside the mitochondira carbamoyl phosphate (derived from CO2, NH4 and 2ATP) is made inot what?
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…citrulline by combining with ornithine and the enzyme ornithine transcarboymalase…
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the hypopigmentation of phenylalanine hydorxylase deficiency can be see in the skin eyes and even?…
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the basal ganglia so don’t be supprised if the vignette talks about pale, substantia nigra, locus cerulus vagal nucleus etc…
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what is the cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase the enzyme that makes tyrosine?
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…tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as well as the parallel enzyme dihydropteridine reductase…
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what is the cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase the enzyme that makes tyrosine?
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…tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as well as the parallel enzyme dihydropteridine reductase…
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what is the cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase the enzyme that makes tyrosine?
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…tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as well as the parallel enzyme dihydropteridine reductase…
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what are the phenylalanine metabolites that may be involved in the MR of phynylalnine (no tyrosine disease)?
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…phenylacetate and phenylactate…
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what are the phenylalanine metabolites that may be involved in the MR of phynylalnine (no tyrosine disease)?
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…phenylacetate and phenylactate…
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what is the deficient enzyme in ar albinism?…
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…tyrosinase which makes melanin…
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what is the deficient enzyme in ar albinism?…
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…tyrosinase which makes melanin…
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what is the deficient enzyme in ar albinism?…
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…tyrosinase which makes melanin…
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tyrosine can enter a pathway that makes fumarte what is the first product of theis pathway?
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…tyrosine becomes homogentisate…
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tyrosine can enter a pathway that makes fumarte what is the first product of theis pathway?
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…tyrosine becomes homogentisate…
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tyrosine is converted to homogentisate in the 1st rxn of the the fumarte (alkaptonuria pathway) what is homogentisate made inot if all is functionaing properly?
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…Malelacetoacetate…
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malelacetoacetate is made from?
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…homogentisate, made from tyrosine made from phenylalnine…
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malelacetoacetate is made from?
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…homogentisate, made from tyrosine made from phenylalnine…
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malelacetoacetate is made from?
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…homogentisate, made from tyrosine made from phenylalnine…
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what are the branched chain amino acids?
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…valine, leucine and isoleucine…
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what are the branched chain amino acids?
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…valine, leucine and isoleucine…
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what are the branched chain amino acids?
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…valine, leucine and isoleucine…
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beta endorphin is an endogenous opiod peptide that is derived from POMC along with what?
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…ACTH and MSH the fact that beta endorphin and ACTH are derived from the same precursur suggests there may be a close physiological relationship between the stress and opiod axis…
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beta endorphin is an endogenous opiod peptide that is derived from POMC along with what?
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…ACTH and MSH the fact that beta endorphin and ACTH are derived from the same precursur suggests there may be a close physiological relationship between the stress and opiod axis…
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veritlve diplopia is most noticeable when the eye looks down at the nose and is caused by?
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…palsy of the 4th trochlear nerve…
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double vision when reading or traversing stairs?
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…this is verticle diplopia caused by palsy of the 4th CN (trchlear nerve) which really busts out when people are forced to loook down there noses…
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define a 95 per cent CI?
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…range of values in which one can be 95% precent cofident that the true mean of the population lies..
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the standard error of the mean is calculated by?
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…SD/square root of n…
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the standard error of the mean is calculated by?
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…SD/square root of n…
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DNA polymerase I has what?
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…5-3 exonuclease activity functioning in order to remove the 3-hydroxyl group (RNA primer) it also performs exonuclease excision and repair of damage to parent DNA…
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DNA polymerase I has what?
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…5-3 exonuclease activity functioning in order to remove the 3-hydroxyl group (RNA primer) it also performs exonuclease excision and repair of damage to parent DNA…
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mutation of a gene on chromosome 9 essential for mitochondria fxn?
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…fredriechs ataxia …
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significant kyphoscoliosis and a high plantar arch associated with what?
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what are the five basic characteristic of friedrichs ataxia?
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significant kyphoscoliosis and a high plantar arch associated with what?
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what are the five basic characteristic of friedrichs ataxia?
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what are the five basic characteristic of friedrichs ataxia?
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…ascending and descending spinocerebellar degen
…degeneration of the dorsal columns and dorsal root ganglia causing loss of position and vibration sense …kyphoscoliosis and foot abnormalities like pes cavus (high arch)… …hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and CHF …diabetes mellitus |
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what are the five basic characteristic of friedrichs ataxia?
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…ascending and descending spinocerebellar degen
…degeneration of the dorsal columns and dorsal root ganglia causing loss of position and vibration sense …kyphoscoliosis and foot abnormalities like pes cavus (high arch)… …hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and CHF …diabetes mellitus |
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severe neuronal loss in the caudate?
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…huntingtons disease…
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what leads to the flaccid paralysis, areflexia, atrophy and muscle fasiculations seen in poliomyelitis?
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…loss of neurons in the anterior horn…
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describe the pathway of the corticospinal tracts.
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…ist order neurons send there axons through the internal capsule, and after going through the capsule midbrain and ponscorticospinal fibers form the pyramids of the anterior aspect of the medulla in the medulla 90 percent of these fibers dcussate to form the lateral corticospinal tract which end by synapsing on the second order neurons of the snterior horn cells in the spinal cord…
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describe the pathway of the corticospinal tracts.
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…ist order neurons send there axons through the internal capsule, and after going through the capsule midbrain and ponscorticospinal fibers form the pyramids of the anterior aspect of the medulla in the medulla 90 percent of these fibers dcussate to form the lateral corticospinal tract which end by synapsing on the second order neurons of the snterior horn cells in the spinal cord…
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describe the pathway of the corticospinal tracts.
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…ist order neurons send there axons through the internal capsule, and after going through the capsule midbrain and ponscorticospinal fibers form the pyramids of the anterior aspect of the medulla in the medulla 90 percent of these fibers dcussate to form the lateral corticospinal tract which end by synapsing on the second order neurons of the snterior horn cells in the spinal cord…
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lady complains of noise in her ear, loss of half smile and has no corneal reflex on the sam side where is the lesaion and what is it?
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…this is a scwannoma and schwannomas typically occur at the cerebello pontine angle which is between the cerebellum and lateral pons.. always S-100 positive and biphasic
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lady complains of noise in her ear, loss of half smile and has no corneal reflex on the sam side where is the lesaion and what is it?
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…this is a scwannoma and schwannomas typically occur at the cerebello pontine angle which is between the cerebellum and lateral pons.. always S-100 positive and biphasic
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lady complains of noise in her ear, loss of half smile and has no corneal reflex on the sam side where is the lesaion and what is it?
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…this is a scwannoma and schwannomas typically occur at the cerebello pontine angle which is between the cerebellum and lateral pons.. always S-100 positive and biphasic
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where do germ cell tumors of the brain arise?
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…pineal and suprasellar regions and can cause aqueductal stenosis and perinauds syndrome…
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on light microscopy meningiomas look like?
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…whorled pattern of cell growth with psammoma bodies…
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on light microscopy meningiomas look like?
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…whorled pattern of cell growth with psammoma bodies…
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on light microscopy meningiomas look like?
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…whorled pattern of cell growth with psammoma bodies…
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average duration of postpartum depression?
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…at least 2 weeks and up to 12 months…
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postpartum blues lasts no longer than?
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2 weeks…
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lead inhibits what heme enzymes?
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…ala dehydratase (cyt) and ferrochelatase (mit)…
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lead inhibits what heme enzymes?
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…ala dehydratase (cyt) and ferrochelatase (mit)…
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lead inhibits what heme enzymes?
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…ala dehydratase (cyt) and ferrochelatase (mit)…
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first and rate limiting rxn of heme synthesis?
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…ala synthase with the B6 cofactor…
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what two products are made into ALA by ala synthase and the pyridoxine cofactor?
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…succynlyCoA and Glycine…
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what two products are made into ALA by ala synthase and the pyridoxine cofactor?
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…succynlyCoA and Glycine…
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what increases the activity of ALA synthase (inside mit) which takes succynyl coa and glycine and makes some friggin ALA?
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…alcohol, barbiturates and Hypoxia…
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what increases the activity of ALA synthase (inside mit) which takes succynyl coa and glycine and makes some friggin ALA?
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…alcohol, barbiturates and Hypoxia…
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what increases the activity of ALA synthase (inside mit) which takes succynyl coa and glycine and makes some friggin ALA?
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…alcohol, barbiturates and Hypoxia…
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what increases the activity of ALA synthase (inside mit) which takes succynyl coa and glycine and makes some friggin ALA?
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…alcohol, barbiturates and Hypoxia…
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two molecules of ALA condense to form what?
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porphobilinogen
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two molecules of ALA condense to form what?
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porphobilinogen
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two molecules of ALA condense to form what?
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porphobilinogen
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defects in urophorphrinogen synthase lead to?
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…acumullation of Porphobilinoge (made by two ALA) and this is a disease called AIP…
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defects in urophorphrinogen synthase lead to?
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…acumullation of Porphobilinoge (made by two ALA) and this is a disease called AIP…
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another name of Uroporphrinogen synthase?
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…HMB synthase which converts porphobilinogen into HMB or uroporphrinogen I…
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what defect leads to PCT?
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…uroporphrinogen decarb deficiency…
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what defect leads to PCT?
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…uroporphrinogen decarb deficiency…
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what defect leads to PCT?
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…uroporphrinogen decarb deficiency…
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what is the pathoG of uroporphrinogen decarb deficiency (PCT)?
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…accumulation of uroporphrinogen in urine and patients experience mild photosensitivity…
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what is the pathoG of uroporphrinogen decarb deficiency (PCT)?
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…accumulation of uroporphrinogen in urine and patients experience mild photosensitivity…
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what is the pathoG of uroporphrinogen decarb deficiency (PCT)?
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…accumulation of uroporphrinogen in urine and patients experience mild photosensitivity…
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what does the enzyme which if deficient causes PCT produce normally?
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…uroporphrinogen decarb takes uroporphrinogen III and makes coproporphrinogen…
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what does the enzyme which if deficient causes PCT produce normally?
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…uroporphrinogen decarb takes uroporphrinogen III and makes coproporphrinogen…
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hexamethonium is a potent?
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…nicotinic receptor antagonist…
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hexamethonium is a potent?
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…nicotinic receptor antagonist…
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the characteristic abnormality seen in huntingtons disease is what?
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…atrophy of the striatum (caudate and putamen)…
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the characteristic abnormality seen in huntingtons disease is what?
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…atrophy of the striatum (caudate and putamen)…
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the characteristic abnormality seen in huntingtons disease is what?
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…atrophy of the striatum (caudate and putamen)…
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…dilation of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles, microscop of the atrophic areas reveals gliosis and neuronal loss loss of gaba containing neurons leads to decreased gaba in the brain…
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…dilation of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles, microscop of the atrophic areas reveals gliosis and neuronal loss loss of gaba containing neurons leads to decreased gaba in the brain…
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…dilation of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles, microscop of the atrophic areas reveals gliosis and neuronal loss loss of gaba containing neurons leads to decreased gaba in the brain…
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…dilation of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles, microscop of the atrophic areas reveals gliosis and neuronal loss loss of gaba containing neurons leads to decreased gaba in the brain…
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wedge bands of necrosis over the cerebral convexity just lateral to the interhemispheric fissure are found in some dude who just had a friggin MI what happened?
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…this is classic for global hypoxia…
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wedge bands of necrosis over the cerebral convexity just lateral to the interhemispheric fissure are found in some dude who just had a friggin MI what happened?
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…this is classic for global hypoxia…
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…this is classic for global hypoxia…
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wedge bands of necrosis over the cerebral convexity just lateral to the interhemispheric fissure are found in some dude who just had a friggin MI what happened?
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global hypoxi commonly occurs?
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… in watershed zones on the border between areas perfused by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries…
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the most vulnerable areas in the brain to ischemia are effecte d first and irreversibly within five minutes without oxygen what are they?
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…pyramidal cells (sommer sector) of the hippocampus and the perkinje cells of the cerebellum…
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the most vulnerable areas in the brain to ischemia are effecte d first and irreversibly within five minutes without oxygen what are they?
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…pyramidal cells (sommer sector) of the hippocampus and the perkinje cells of the cerebellum…
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what is the most common cause of hemiballismus?
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…lacunar (HTN related) infarcts within or near the subthalamic nucleus…
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what is the most common cause of hemiballismus?
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…lacunar (HTN related) infarcts within or near the subthalamic nucleus…
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what is the most common cause of hemiballismus?
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…lacunar (HTN related) infarcts within or near the subthalamic nucleus…
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chracterize testicular feminization syndrome?
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…it is complete androgen insensitivity characterized by normal external external female genitalia but complete absence of both mulleria (paramesonephric) and wolfian ducts……it is complete androgen insensitivity characterized by normal external external female genitalia but complete absence of both mulleria (paramesonephric) and wolfian ducts…
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chracterize testicular feminization syndrome?
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…it is complete androgen insensitivity characterized by normal external external female genitalia but complete absence of both mulleria (paramesonephric) and wolfian ducts…
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23 year old white boy that is retarded has big ears and a long face a big jaw and large balls what do you sspect to find on physical exam?
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…mitral valve prolapse, joint laxity, double joined thumbs, scoliosis and like fredrichs pes cavus..
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23 year old white boy that is retarded has big ears and a long face a big jaw and large balls what do you sspect to find on physical exam?
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…mitral valve prolapse, joint laxity, double joined thumbs, scoliosis and like fredrichs pes cavus..
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describe the process of formation of a zenckers diverticulum.
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…the formation of a zencker results from diminished relaxation of the paryngeal muscles during contraction particularly the crico, the increased pressure causes the formation of a false diverticulum where on can save food for later…
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giardia can colonize where?
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…the duodenal and jejunal mucosa…
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what does melbendazole treat and whats it MOA?
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…acts on microtubules and treats ancylostoma ascaris and enterobius…
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what does melbendazole treat and whats it MOA?
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…acts on microtubules and treats ancylostoma ascaris and enterobius…
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albendazole is used to treat what/
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…the echinococcus cestode that produces cysts in the liver…
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kyphoscoliosus, pes cavus (high arch) and hammertoes?
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…mutated frataxin on 9 causing repeats…
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kyphoscoliosus, pes cavus (high arch) and hammertoes?
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…mutated frataxin on 9 causing repeats…
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i gram of protein yields how many calories?
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…4cal of energy..
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i gram of protein yields how many calories?
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…4cal of energy..
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i gram of protein yields how many calories?
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…4cal of energy..
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1 gram of carb yields how many calories?
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…4cal o energy
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1 gram of carb yields how many calories?
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…4cal o energy
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1 gram of carb yields how many calories?
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…4cal o energy
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1 gram of fat yields how many calories?
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…fat yield 9 son…
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1 gram of fat yields how many calories?
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…fat yield 9 son…
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1 gram of fat yields how many calories?
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…fat yield 9 son…
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brunners gland secrete and extremely alkalinicc mucous into the crypts of lieberkun at what part of the intestine?
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…DUODENUM BRU
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explain the embryology of the midgut normal style
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…the midgut herniates through the umbilical ring at the 6th week of devo, to allow for rapid growth of the intestine and the liver despite slower growth of the abdominal cavity. However at the 10th week of life the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity simultatneously completeing a 270 degree turn COUNTERCLOCKWISE around the sma
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explain the embryology of the midgut normal style
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…the midgut herniates through the umbilical ring at the 6th week of devo, to allow for rapid growth of the intestine and the liver despite slower growth of the abdominal cavity. However at the 10th week of life the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity simultatneously completeing a 270 degree turn COUNTERCLOCKWISE around the sma
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explain the embryology of the midgut normal style
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…the midgut herniates through the umbilical ring at the 6th week of devo, to allow for rapid growth of the intestine and the liver despite slower growth of the abdominal cavity. However at the 10th week of life the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity simultatneously completeing a 270 degree turn COUNTERCLOCKWISE around the sma
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what happens when the embryology doesNOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what happens when the embryology does NOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what happens when the embryology does NOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what happens when the embryology does NOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what does the omphalicomesenteric duct do?
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…connects the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac…
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what does the omphalicomesenteric duct do?
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…connects the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac…
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what does the omphalicomesenteric duct do?
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…connects the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac…
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what happens when the omphalomesenteric duct completely fails to obliterat?
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…a vitelline fistula occurs a connection between the ileum and the outside of the body at the belly button…
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what happens when the omphalomesenteric duct completely fails to obliterat?
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…a vitelline fistula occurs a connection between the ileum and the outside of the body at the belly button…
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what happens whene there is only partal failure of the omphalomesenteric duct (connest the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac), meckels diverticulum…
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what happens whene there is only partal failure of the omphalomesenteric duct (connest the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac), meckels diverticulum…
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what happens when the embryology doesNOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what happens when the embryology does NOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what happens when the embryology does NOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what happens when the embryology does NOT roll normal style?
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…abnormal midgut devo causes malrotatuin leaving the cecum in the right upper quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to the second portion of the duodenum. The entire midgut is fixed to the sma. Intestinal obstruction due to malrotation is caused usually by adhesive bands compressing the duodenum, obstructio manifests with bilious vomiting during the first few days of life…
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what does the omphalicomesenteric duct do?
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…connects the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac…
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what does the omphalicomesenteric duct do?
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…connects the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac…
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what does the omphalicomesenteric duct do?
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…connects the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac…
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what happens when the omphalomesenteric duct completely fails to obliterat?
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…a vitelline fistula occurs a connection between the ileum and the outside of the body at the belly button…
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what happens when the omphalomesenteric duct completely fails to obliterat?
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…a vitelline fistula occurs a connection between the ileum and the outside of the body at the belly button…
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what happens whene there is only partal failure of the omphalomesenteric duct (connest the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac), meckels diverticulum…
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what happens whene there is only partal failure of the omphalomesenteric duct (connest the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac), meckels diverticulum…
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what does the omphalicomesenteric duct do?
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…connects the lumen of the midgut to the yolk sac…
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what happens when the omphalomesenteric duct completely fails to obliterat?
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…a vitelline fistula occurs a connection between the ileum and the outside of the body at the belly button…
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abnormal migration of neural crest cells into the intestinal wall results in what?
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…hirschsprungs…
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increasing frequency of cloride channel opening by binding the the GABA A receptor?
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…benzodiazepines…
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what are the steps of base excision repair?
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…unusual bases are recognized and cleaved by glycosylases leaving an apurinic apyrimidinic site which is subsequently cleaved by a endonuclease and refilled by polymerase along with a ligase…
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what are the steps of base excision repair?
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…unusual bases are recognized and cleaved by glycosylases leaving an apurinic apyrimidinic site which is subsequently cleaved by a endonuclease and refilled by polymerase along with a ligase…
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what are the steps of base excision repair?
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…unusual bases are recognized and cleaved by glycosylases leaving an apurinic apyrimidinic site which is subsequently cleaved by a endonuclease and refilled by polymerase along with a ligase…
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absent galactose -1 –phosphate uridyltransferase?
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…A-R galactosemia…
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absent galactose -1 –phosphate uridyltransferase?
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…A-R galactosemia…
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metabolism of fructose-1-phosphate by what produces DHAP and Glyceraldehyde?
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…aldolase B…
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…aldolase B…
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metabolism of fructose-1-phosphate by what produces DHAP and Glyceraldehyde?
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…aldolase B…
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metabolism of fructose-1-phosphate by what produces DHAP and Glyceraldehyde?
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describe the PathoG of a gallstone Ileus?
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…gallstone ileue always occurs in people with a LONGSTANDING HISTROY OF CHOLITHIASIS. Here a large stone causes the formation of a fistula of the gallbladder and the gut the gallstone drops through an passes through the wide duodenum dueodenum, jejunum and ileum and then gets causght at the ileocecal valve (because food is usually liquid at this point). The fistula also allows enteric gas to enter the gallbladder and bilary tree…
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describe the PathoG of a gallstone Ileus?
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…gallstone ileue always occurs in people with a LONGSTANDING HISTROY OF CHOLITHIASIS. Here a large stone causes the formation of a fistula of the gallbladder and the gut the gallstone drops through an passes through the wide duodenum dueodenum, jejunum and ileum and then gets causght at the ileocecal valve (because food is usually liquid at this point). The fistula also allows enteric gas to enter the gallbladder and bilary tree…
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drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia is?
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…carbamezipine that works like phenytoin and benxz but please watch out for aplastic anemia and fucking SIADH…
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drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia is?
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…carbamezipine that works like phenytoin and benxz but please watch out for aplastic anemia and fucking SIADH…
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If choline cannot enter the presynaptic neuron acetylcholine synthesis will be blocked this is the MOA of what?
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…hemicholinium…
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what does bromoacetylcholine do?
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…blocks the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetate by inhibiting acetylcholine transferase…
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what does bromoacetylcholine do?
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…blocks the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetate by inhibiting acetylcholine transferase…
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what does bromoacetylcholine do?
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…blocks the synthesis of acetylcholine from acetate by inhibiting acetylcholine transferase…
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maple syrup urine disease is a disorder characterized by defective breakdown of brached chain amino acids, i.e leucine, isoleucine and valine what is the specific defect here?
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…alpha keto-acid-dehydrogenase…
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name all the cofactors for alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenas?
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…FAD NAD LIPOATE Coenzyme A and thiamine pyrophosphate…
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name all the cofactors for alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenas?
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…FAD NAD LIPOATE Coenzyme A and thiamine pyrophosphate…
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obviously if one has MSUD it is imperative to eliminate valine, leucine and isoleucine from the diet but one must also give
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…thiamine because these fucks may respond…
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obviously if one has MSUD it is imperative to eliminate valine, leucine and isoleucine from the diet but one must also give
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…thiamine because these fucks may respond…
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obviously if one has MSUD it is imperative to eliminate valine, leucine and isoleucine from the diet but one must also give
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…thiamine because these fucks may respond…
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hypohomocysteinuria can be treated with what?
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…folic acid…or B6
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hypohomocysteinuria can be treated with what?
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…folic acid…or B6
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wrlkf
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…folic acid…or B6
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B6 increases peripheral metabolism of what drug?
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…levodopa…
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…gynecomastia, and p450 inhibition…
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what are some of the side effects of cimetedine?
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what are some of the side effects of cimetedine?
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…gynecomastia, and p450 inhibition…
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what are lisch nodules?
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…pigmented hamartomas of the iiris seen in NF-1 17…
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what are lisch nodules?
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…pigmented hamartomas of the iiris seen in NF-1 17…
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what are lisch nodules?
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…pigmented hamartomas of the iiris seen in NF-1 17…
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what are the associated tumors of NF?
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…pheochromocytoma, glioma and the great meningioma…
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what are the associated tumors of NF?
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…pheochromocytoma, glioma and the great meningioma…
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what is the macula like?
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…the macula histologically is marked by the prescence of a great deal of cones few overlying cells and no blood vessels, each macular cone synapses to a single bipolar cell, which in turn synapes to asingle ganglion cell, due to this arrangement the visual acuity of the macula and particularly te fovea is greater than any other area in the retina. Neural fibers that serve the macula transmit to an area that is separate from the area of representation fo the peripheral fields due to this macular sparing is common in lesions of the occipital lobe…
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what is the macula like?
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…the macula histologically is marked by the prescence of a great deal of cones few overlying cells and no blood vessels, each macular cone synapses to a single bipolar cell, which in turn synapes to asingle ganglion cell, due to this arrangement the visual acuity of the macula and particularly te fovea is greater than any other area in the retina. Neural fibers that serve the macula transmit to an area that is separate from the area of representation fo the peripheral fields due to this macular sparing is common in lesions of the occipital lobe…
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what is the macula like?
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…the macula histologically is marked by the prescence of a great deal of cones few overlying cells and no blood vessels, each macular cone synapses to a single bipolar cell, which in turn synapes to asingle ganglion cell, due to this arrangement the visual acuity of the macula and particularly te fovea is greater than any other area in the retina. Neural fibers that serve the macula transmit to an area that is separate from the area of representation fo the peripheral fields due to this macular sparing is common in lesions of the occipital lobe…
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loss of vision on the side of the visual field in both eyes is called?
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….homonymous hemianopsia…
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loss of vision on the side of the visual field in both eyes is called?
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….homonymous hemianopsia…
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loss of vision on the side of the visual field in both eyes is called homonymous hemianopsia and is due to?
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…transection of the contralateral optic tract…
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loss of vision on the side of the visual field in both eyes is called homonymous hemianopsia and is due to?
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…transection of the contralateral optic tract…
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loss of vision on the side of the visual field in both eyes is called homonymous hemianopsia and is due to transection of the contralateral optic tract, the fibers of the visual pathway linking the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate body…
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loss of vision on the side of the visual field in both eyes is called homonymous hemianopsia and is due to transection of the contralateral optic tract, the fibers of the visual pathway linking the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate body…
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loss of vision in the nasal fields of both eyes is what?
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…binasal hemanopsia…
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binasal hemanopsia is caused by loss of vision in the nasal fields of both eyes and is due to often by?
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…pressure to the lateral areas of the optic chiasm…
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binasal hemanopsia is caused by loss of vision in the nasal fields of both eyes and is due to often by?
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…pressure to the lateral areas of the optic chiasm…
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binasal hemanopsia is caused by loss of vision in the nasal fields of both eyes and is due to often by?
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…pressure to the lateral areas of the optic chiasm…
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pressure to the lateral areas of the optic chiasm can cause loss of vision in the nasal fields called binasal hemanopsia typically caused by?
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…calcified carotids…
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how does lactculose work?
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…bacterial action of lactulose results in acidification of colnic contents which converts absorbable ammonia into ammonium…
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